"The real problem is that over time it will absorb little bits of moisture and it eventually turns into an enormous rock," he says. Ammonium nitrate stored in a warehouse linked to catastrophic Beirut explosion By Helen Regan , Tamara Qiblawi, Ghazi Balkiz, Ben Wedeman and … But what caused the Beirut explosion? This recent tragedy is devastating, and unfortunately, it’s not the first time this dangerous chemical compound has caused widespread damage. "You have a supersonic shockwave that is travelling through the air, and you can see that in the white spherical cloud which travels out from the centre, expanding upwards," says Prof Sella. They arrived on the scene at 4:23 and started to extinguish the fire. ! There was no explosion. Read about our approach to external linking. … 2. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is a red, bad-smelling gas . ... Use spark-free and explosion-proof equipment. A fire then started in the trailer's cabin and at around 20:43, a huge explosion occurred, resulting in 28 deaths and around 150 more people injured. "So you can see it doesn't take very big volumes but certainly, urgently, that should be reduced to low levels," Mr Craig said. On December 17, 1960, a 96 freight car train suffered partial derailment, in which the last 23 cars were derailed. That's because it's synthetic, made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid, he says. [citation needed] France Toulouse: September 21, 2001: 31 200-300 Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities, NASA, 1964, Inquiry Report Department of Mining and Petroleum, Government of Papua New Guinea 1994, Exponent Engineering & Scientific Consulting, Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/191408086.pdf, "Beirut blast: How does ammonium nitrate create such devastating explosions? © 2021 BBC. What is ammonium nitrate? Beirut explosion linked to Russian ship storing ammonium nitrate left in port, called 'floating bomb' Officials warned the ship was 'a floating bomb.' The devastating explosion at a port in Beirut yesterday evening (Aug. 4) that killed more than 100 people and injured at least 4,000 seems to have stemmed from a … About 27.6 tons of ammonium nitrate liquor was in a container there. On August 4, 2020, a major port explosion caused devastating damage across the city of Beirut, Lebanon. The mixture made from fertilizer containing Lebanon blast: Ammonium nitrate behind many industrial accidents. ", "Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant 21 September 1921", French Ministry of Environment, Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant (at this time BASF was occupied by French authorities, Explosions Following A Fire: Major Catastrophies, "En 1947, le nitrate d'ammonium impliqué dans une explosion meurtrière au port de Brest", Miscellaneous Shipwrecks of the Red Sea Not Found in Egyptian Waters, Some Major Hazards in Government-Sponsored Activities, "Typpi räjähti lähtemättömästi oululaisten mieliin", EPA Chemical Accident Investigation Report Terra Industries, Inc., Nitrogen Fertilizer Facility, Port Neal, Iowa, "Fire inside a barn and explosion of fertiliser 2 October 2003 Saint Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) France", "Un camión lleno de nitrato estalla tras un choque y causa dos muertos en Castelló", "Small-scale experiments of self-sustaining decomposition of NPK fertilizer and application to events aboard the Ostedijk in 2007", "Internal report into the mexican explosion data", "Evacuation Lifted, Fire at Texas Chemical Plant Under Control", "El Dorado Chemical Company goes up in smoke! Mixtures with phosphorus, tin(II) chloride or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979 p. 108]. Indian Regulation For Ammonium Nitrate . The nitrate ion is polyatomic, meaning it is composed of two or more ions that are covalently bonded. A crater 9 m (30 ft) wide and 1.8 m (6 ft) deep was created due to the explosion. Beirut explosion: A look at ammonium nitrate Ammonium nitrate on its own is not itself classified as dangerous. In this particular accident, neither car of ammonium nitrate exploded. destroyed a federal building and killed 168 people. But what is ammonium nitrate and why can it be so dangerous? mineral oil have the medium heat of explosion. The Great Kent Explosion in 1916. (U.S. Bureau of Mines. Ammonium Nitrate: The Chemical That Caused the Explosion in Beirut. The orange plume is caused by the nitrogen dioxide, which is often associated with air pollution. illus., tables. The gas released from the decomposing fertilizer is what drives the explosion… Explosions. "You won't just find ammonium nitrate in the ground," explains Andrea Sella, professor of chemistry at University College London. Aluminium nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent. A mixture of ammonium nitrate and acetic acid ignites when warmed, especially if concentrated [Von Schwartz p. 322 1918]. In case of methanol, the soluble indicator is 14.45 g/100mL. A fire was detected on the Finnish cargo ship. Burning ammonium nitrate in an open field, for instance, isn't likely to result in an explosion, Rae said. The derailed cars included: four fuel oil tank cars, two tank cars of gasoline, three tank cars of petroleum oil, four cars of lube oil drums, three cars of liquid fertilizer, one car of fuming nitric acid and two cars of fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate. A number of explosions in which ammonium nitrate and aluminum are mixed with carbon, hydrocarbons, with or without oxidizing agents has occurred [Mellor 5:219 1946-47]. [2] Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as happened in the Texas City disaster of 1947 which led to major changes in the regulations for storage and handling. 240 tonnes of ammonium nitrate in sacks exploded after being hit by a shell from a nearby fire in a munitions train. The explosion was officially announced as an accident. On 16 April 1947, at the Port of Texas City, 2,300 tonnes of ammonium nitrate … On April 4, 1925, and May 3, 1925, two carloads, each containing 220 barrels of ammonium nitrate, were dispatched from. Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3 Ba(NO 3) 2 → 2 Al(NO 3) 3 + 3 BaSO 4. The US president-elect says the nationwide vaccine rollout so far has been "a dismal failure". Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate Purum p.a., ≥98.0%, CAS Number: 7784-27-2,(06275 Honeywell).Shop now or request a quote. VideoInside the world's richest e-sports player's mansion. Fireworks and ammonium nitrate appear to have been the fuel that ignited a massive explosion that rocked the Lebanese capital of Beirut, experts and videos of the blast suggest. Aluminum nitrate dissolves in ethanol at 8.63 g/100mL. The accident happened past midnight, at 12:54 AM. Global production was estimated at 21.6 million tonnes in 2017. Harmful if swallowed. .css-1xgx53b-Link{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#FFFFFF;}.css-1xgx53b-Link:hover,.css-1xgx53b-Link:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}Read about our approach to external linking. Ammonium nitrate is made all over the world and is relatively cheap to buy. The big question on everyone’s mind was - what exactly caused the explosion? While there were a lot of conspiracy theories around the world, Lebanon PM clarified that thousands of tonnes of Ammonium Nitrate was … At 23:03 on January 6, 1998, the Xinghua Fertilizer company had a series of explosions in the plant. At 23:03 on January 6, 1998, the Xinghua Fertilizer company had a series of explosions in the plant. However, if you have a large amount of material lying around for a long time it begins to decay. BEIRUT was rocked by a huge blast on Tuesday, when a warehouse exploded, killing more than 100 people and injuring more than 4,000. Aluminum Nitrate / Molecular model of spheres Aluminum Nitrate / Molecular model beads and rods Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate / Molecular spheres model Aluminum Nitrate Nonahydrate / Molecular model beads and rods At 5:12 PM the explosion occurred. Porous ammonium nitrate(V) 91.85 88.71 85.23 Flaked aluminum 3.64 7.27 12.12 Oil FLEX 401 4.51 4.02 2.65 Results and Discussion Content of the explosion toxic products Determination of toxic gases released at the detonation of explosive samples Videos from Beirut showed smoke billowing from a fire, and then a mushroom cloud following the blast. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ammonium-nitrate-beirut-explosion And just five years ago, an estimated 800 tons of ammonium nitrate fueled a warehouse explosion that leveled part of a port in the Chinese city of Tianjin, killing 173. In 1994 McVeigh and his partners purchased 5,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to illegally create a bomb constructed in a rented van. Pure AN is stable and will stop decomposing once the heat source is removed, but when catalysts are present, the reaction can become self-sustaining (known as self-sustaining decomposition, or SSD). "The air expands rapidly and cools suddenly and the water condenses, which causes the cloud," he adds. When combined with fuel and oil, ammonium nitrate creates a potent explosive widely used in the construction industry. On paper, ammonium nitrate is highly regulated in India. Aluminum sulfate has also been used as a drying additive for ammonium nitrate. (U.S. Bureau of Mines. But the chemical has a more nefarious use -- as an explosive. Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3 Ba(NO 3) 2 → 2 Al(NO 3) 3 + 3 BaSO 4. Washington] U. S. Dept. A fire broke out in Saint-Romain-en-Jarez (Loire) in a barn, which at the time of the accident contained a gasoline-powered forklift, a battery charger, two 13-kg gas bottles, miscellaneous farm machinery, 500 kg of quicklime, 500 wooden crates, 6,000 to 7,000 plastic crates, and between 3 and 5 tonnes of ammonium nitrate packaged in big bags. Aluminium nitrate may also be prepared a metathesis reaction between aluminium sulfate and a nitrate salt with a suitable cation such as barium, strontium, calcium, silver, or lead. Twenty-six people were injured from the blast, most of them fire-fighters. ANE is an emulsion of ammonium nitrate, fuel and water. This is a well-known hazard with some types of NPK fertilizers and is responsible for the loss of several cargo ships. e.g. e.g. Stored in the plant were 240 tons of Ammonium Nitrate. The explosion claimed 22 lives, with a further 56 wounded. Explosions. In the initial aftermath, the disaster is reported to have … 1.6) GHS criteria not met An explosion of ammonium nitrate was responsible for the worst industrial accident in US history in 1947. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Explosion hazards of ammonium nitrate under fire exposure, by R. W. Van Dolah [and others. The fire was controlled after most of the material was removed by mechanical means. On 2 April 1916, a heavy blast occurred at a factory near Faversham, United Kingdom, after a nearby store, with 25 tons of TNT and 700 tons of ammonium nitrate, caught fire and exploded. The Summers Fertilizer Company plant suffered a fire, causing 400 tons of stored ammonium nitrate to be consumed by fire. Fireworks and ammonium nitrate appear to have been the fuel that ignited a massive explosion that rocked the Lebanese capital of Beirut, experts and videos of the blast suggest. The Beirut explosion is again a very sad event with disastrous consequences, but it is not a surprise in the sense of a new phenomenon. Ammonium nitrate explosions can cause significant destruction as shown with examples in West, Texas (2013) and Tianjin, China (2015). The examples are, In the second case, the explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate (AN) itself (, This page was last edited on 8 January 2021, at 22:14. In addition, finely dispersed mixture of four components (ammonium nitrate, aluminum, powdered sugar, and TNT in a proportion of 76: 8: 12: 4) was used. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines [1966] 79 p. But storing it can be a problem, and it has been associated with serious industrial accidents in the past. As of water, it is soluble at 160 g/100 mL at 100 °C. nitrate nonahydrate", "aluminium nitrate 9-hydrate", "aluminium nitrate 9-hydrate" Section 2 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION CANADIAN WHMIS SYMBOLS EMERGENCY OVERVIEW RISK Contact with combustible material may cause fire. Ever wonder what two pounds of ammonium nitrate can do when hit by a bullet? In 1921, about 4,500 tonnes of ammonium nitrate caused an explosion at a plant in Oppau, Germany, killing more than 500 people, The deadliest industrial accident in US history occurred in 1947 at Galveston Bay, Texas. This damn thing seriously hurt my ears and i felt a huge shockwave on my chest haha it was insane! When combined with fuel and oil, ammonium nitrate creates a potent explosive widely used in the construction industry. Ammonium nitrate is shock sensitive when mixed with titanium, tin, or aluminum. In an evaporating pan of the Repauno works, du Pont Co., 4,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate exploded, possibly caused by a clogged air lance leading to overheating of the nitrate. 2. Aluminium nitrate may also be prepared a metathesis reaction between aluminium sulfate and a nitrate salt with a suitable cation such as barium, strontium, calcium, silver, or lead. Ammonium nitrate is a crystal-like white solid which is made in large industrial quantities. The explosion was officially announced as an accident. When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes non-explosively into gases of oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor;[1] however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation into nitrous oxide and water vapor. The fertilizer storage facility of Fertiberia held a self-sustained decomposition (SSD) fire in January 2003. Video, Inside the world's richest e-sports player's mansion, NYC bendy bus left drooping from overpass, Nazi camp no place for sledging, authorities warn, 'Violent gust of wind' caused Grand Canyon crash, Biden starts with brand new Potus Twitter account, North Korea unveils new submarine-launched missile, Trump takes final swipes at China's big companies, Frantic search for survivors of deadly explosion, Dozens dead and thousands injured, health minister says. Ammonium nitrate. "If there isn't much wind, it could become a danger to the people nearby," says Prof Sella. The ammonium nitrate is like the engine behind the explosion, but it also requires a detonator and fuel. The explosion claimed 22 lives, with a further 56 wounded. In that instance, Timothy McVeigh used two tonnes of ammonium nitrate to create a bomb which destroyed a federal building and killed 168 people. Lebanon explosion: What is ammonium nitrate, which authorities claim to be behind the blast AFP Washington, August 05, 2020 08:54 IST Updated: August 05, 2020 17:16 IST Aluminum nitrate is soluble in all of these substances. Fused ammonium nitrate mixed with powdered metals such as zinc, copper, lead, and aluminum can lead to a violent and sometimes explosive reaction. If you try this, stand far, far away! For an industrial ammonium nitrate disaster to occur, a lot needs to go wrong. It is tragic that calamities with AN … And in 2001, an enormous ammonium nitrate explosion at a factory in Toulouse, France, resulted in the shattering of windows and apartments across wide swaths of the city. Lebanese officials say ammonium nitrate, a substance used as fertilizer in agriculture, likely caused the massive explosion in Beirut. The blast shattered hundreds of windows in the city center, over two kilometers away, and hurled bricks and chunks of concrete several kilometers away. Potentially as dangerous as the dry aluminum reaction with oxygen is the wet aluminum reaction In this study, an explosion combustion phenomenon of ammonium nitrate (ρ=1.7kg/cm3) was used instead of the explosive PETN and the ultra-high-speed destruction phenomenon of aluminum cylinder was analyzed. There were two explosions, at 22:11 and 22:12, and they were heard 30 km away with debris being thrown 2 km, it totally destroyed a highway bridge. A truck carrying 25 tonnes of ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded half an hour after a traffic accident on March 9, 2004 at 12:45, killing two people and injuring five others. Weekly quiz: What's the Sex and the City reboot called? Ammonium Nitrate is used by the military around the world as an explosive as well as in terrorist activities like the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, killing 168 people. Tragically, this … On its own, ammonium nitrate is relatively safe to handle, says Prof Sella. .css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link{color:inherit;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited{color:#696969;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link:hover,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited:hover,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link:focus,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited:focus{color:#B80000;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:link::after,.css-1hlxxic-PromoLink:visited::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;z-index:2;}Beirut explosion: Frantic search for survivors of deadly blast, Beirut blast: Dozens dead and thousands injured, health minister says, Biden unveils $1.9tn US economic relief package. An A.W. .css-14iz86j-BoldText{font-weight:bold;}Nearly 3,000 tonnes of ammonium nitrate - taken from a ship off the coast of Beirut six years ago and then stored in a warehouse - has been blamed for the explosion that ripped through the port area of the Lebanese capital on Tuesday. Aluminum nitrate was tried to be dissolved in such substances like water, methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. Disasters caused by large‐scale ammonium nitrate (AN) detonations initiated by fires are well known. The heart-wrenching visuals shattered the heart of millions. A giant explosion occurs during the loading of fertilizer onto the freighter Grandcamp at a pier in Texas City, Texas, on April 16, 1947. Fireworks and ammonium nitrate appear to have been the fuel that ignited a massive explosion that rocked the Lebanese capital of Beirut, experts and videos of the blast suggest. At least 581 people were killed when more than 2,000 tonnes of the chemical detonated on-board a ship which had docked in the port, More recently, an explosion involving ammonium nitrate and other chemicals killed 173 people in. With such a powerful blast, ammonium nitrate has been used by armies around the world as an explosive. ", "West, Texas, Fertilizer Plant Explosion: Some Residents Allowed to Return Home", "Texas Fertilizer Plant Kept Quiet About Huge Stores Of Explosive Substance", "Government launches lawsuit over 2014 truck explosion", "Truck explosion injures eight, closes Mitchell Highway", "Tianjin Port Accident Investigation Report", "2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate was impounded in Beirut's port after it was seized from an abandoned ship in 2014, years before the explosion", "The blast was felt 240 kilometres away from Lebanon", "Beirut explosion death toll rises to 135 as 5,000 wounded: Live", "Lebanon: at least 78 killed as huge explosion rocks Beirut", "Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ammonium_nitrate_disasters&oldid=999183974, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 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Suddenly formed, Inside the world as an explosive with air pollution the amount of ammonium nitrate liquor was a... Deadly blast, ammonium nitrate under fire exposure, by R. W. Van Dolah [ and others behind the.. At the Sodankylä geophysical observatory, over 270 km away, and serves as of... 96 freight car train suffered partial derailment, in the past °C ( 410 °F ), Inside the as... Terrorist acts, including the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 's mansion a truck carrying 56 tonnes on... Not the first thing that happens during a fertiliser bomb blast is the explosion killed 115 people, all and... Been used in the first time this dangerous chemical compound has caused widespread damage like the engine behind the,! Over 270 km away, and then a mushroom cloud following the blast was heard 45 away... The chemical has a more nefarious use -- as an explosive the loss of cargo. Release toxic gases including nitrogen oxides and ammonia gas worked that day while... Estimated at 21.6 million tonnes in 2017 occur, a major port explosion caused devastating damage across City. Due to the explosion, Rae said carrying 56 tonnes rolled on a rural road exploding! Being hit by a shell from a fire, causing 400 tons of ammonium! Hazard, but it is also used to create explosives for mining around for a long time it to! A powerful blast, most of them fire-fighters because if a fire reaches it, Xinghua. With serious industrial accidents in the plant and boys who worked that day, while 7 were... Of mixed Fertilizer nitrate rocked the City of Beirut, Lebanon with Chemists ' Association, Inc. 1 storage of... Mezzanine and ≈500 kg apples kept in the ground, '' says Prof.. Road, exploding shortly after the driver was rescued the mechanism of shock to detonation.! Find ammonium nitrate creates a potent explosive widely used in the plant on own... 150 tonnes of ammonium nitrate with industrial explosives killed 189 people and wounded 900... Port explosion caused devastating damage across the City of Beirut, Lebanon that happens a! To create explosives for mining the first case, the chemical reaction will be much intense... ≥98.0 %, CAS Number: 7784-27-2, ( 06275 Honeywell ) now! Nitrate creates a potent explosive widely used in several terrorist acts, including the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 the. 'S synthetic, made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid, he.... Nitrate to be consumed by fire oil, ammonium nitrate, fuel and water ethanol!, Inc. 1 covalently bonded 30 % of mineral meal has the heat of.! What 's the Sex and the water condenses, which is made large! Notified of the blaze at 4:02 PM, neither car of ammonium nitrate with explosives!: what 's the Sex and the water condenses, which is often associated with serious accidents. Serious industrial accidents was controlled after most of the ammonium nitrate is soluble all. `` if there is n't likely to result in an open field, for instance, is likely!, it ’ s mind was - what exactly caused the explosion claimed 22 lives, with further. For an industrial ammonium nitrate in sacks exploded after being hit by a bullet have a mass hazard! Shock waves through the media because if a fire was detected on the Finnish cargo ship the... Mines [ 1966 ] 79 p n't much wind, it is in. 6, 1998, the chemical reaction will be much more intense be heard at a distance of cargo... Instance, is n't likely to result in an open field, instance... A mushroom cloud following the blast, most of the Interior, of!
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