According to Fortis et al. The anthropic activity has been causing more and more negative effects on nature, among which includes the discharge of several types of pollutants from either domestic or industrial sources. In the same project (Oceanprof), 20 surface sediment samples were chosen along 1050 and 1950 m depth (Figure 5). The water circulation in the channel is characterized by alternate northerly and southerly movements, with a periodicity of days that is not directly influenced by tidal currents [54]. Foraminifera are eukaryotic unicellular microorganisms inhabiting all marine environments. Higher densities were found in protected areas of channels with a good connection with marine waters. Variations in morphology and growth rate have also been observed in clonal communities of benthic foraminifera . Living benthic foraminifera of the Campos Basin continental shelf were studied in 239 samples collected in nine transects (A–I) perpendicular to the coast line. Romano et al. The procedures used for sedimentological and geochemical analyses are described in detail in Martins et al. Comparatively, foraminiferal parameters (density and diversity) at the DTCS were lower than those observed in neighboring areas, even near the Araçá submarine outfall less than 3 km away. The aim of this study is to study the benthic foraminiferal assemblages in coral reefs community and sea grass bad of Belitung Islands and to use that information to determine the environmental quality of their coral reefs based on FORAM Index. The authors are indebted Andreia Cristiane Teodoro (BTX Geologia e Meio Ambiente), Silas Gubitoso (BTX Geologia e Meio Ambiente), Silvio Miranda Prada (UNIFEO), José Eduardo Bevilacqua (CETESB). This study confirmed the use of benthic foraminifera as an important tool for the evaluation of the environmental quality of an ecosystem and for monitoring and restoring it. However, recent studies have shown particulate matter, diverse marine biota dwell in these environmental varying environmental settings for at least some of these MCS systems, settings, including corals, larger benthic foraminifera (LBF), calcareous such as shelf edge reefs (Marshall et al. The following species presented significant relative abundance: Ammonia parkinsoniana (2–19.6%), Bolivina striatula (0.8–11.6%), Globocassidulina crassa (<18.8%), Globocassidulina subglobosa (<10.2%), Nonionella opima (<9.1%), Buliminella elegantissima (2–8.5%), Bolivina fragilis (<8.5%), Bulimina marginata (<5.9%), Pseudononion japonicum (<5.8%), Hopkinsina pacifica (<5.3%), Rosalina floridensis (<6.1%), Gavelinolepsis praegeri (<5.5%), and Hanzawaia boueana (<5.1%). Benthic foraminifera are a major component of marine communities, highly sensitive to environmental influences, and the most abundant benthic organisms preserved in the deep-sea fossil record. The equitability also was determined according to Pielou [35] and S is the total number of species in a sample [36]. Benthic foraminifera live in, or on, the seafloor. Environmental response of living benthic foraminifera in Kiel Fjord, SW Baltic Sea. Sediment mean grain size (SMGS) varied between 19.7 and 3660.2 μm and fine fraction (fines; <63 μm) between 0 and 97.7%. Benthic foraminifera are known to play an important role in marine carbon and nitrogen cycles. Benthic foraminiferal faunas in Long Island Sound (LIS) in the 1940s and 1960s were of low diversity, and dominated by species of the genus Elphidium, mainly Elphidium excavatum clavatum, with common Buccella frigida and Egger- ella … On the contrary, in highly disturbed environments, a few species have very large number of individuals of small size, but since these species have small size, they do not dominate the biomass and so, the abundance curve is above the biomass curve. However, in the most impacted zones the density and diversity of foraminifera become even smaller. [18, 31, 32]. ABC curves of the continental shelf assemblages of foraminifers. Naira Yamamoto, Dr. Raquel Fernanda Passos, Dr. Renata Hanae Nagai (Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná), Carla Ito, Dr. Leticia Burone (Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República), Dr. Marina Fukumoto, MScs. The oil separation techniques, used in the wastewater treatment plants, primarily remove particulate matter and dispersed oil, while dissolved hydrocarbons remain in the discharged water [55]. In São Sebastião Channel, the sediments near the “Dutos e Terminais Centro Sul” (DTCS) of PETROBRAS were enriched by As, Cu, and Ni, with concentrations exceeding TEL; these levels are associated with adverse biological effects. Yamashita et al. The advantage of studying BF in marine … The composition of the foraminifera assemblages allowed to detect areas under upwelling influence on the continental shelf. Detrital materials derived from the river discharge of the Paraíba do Sul River are distributed throughout the inner shelf by developing small muddy zones and large mud accumulations in an area adjacent to Búzios and Cabo Frio, where the currents have energy close to zero, 150 km south to the mouth of the river [64]. Higher temperatures were recorded in the innermost part of the main channels and salinities near the lagoon mouth and in the channels with strong marine influence. The variables considered for the statistical analysis included percentages of sand and mud, calcium carbonate and total organic carbon contents in the sediment, and total phosphate in the water (see details in [73]). In each isobath, three independent samples successfully taken with a 10 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm, a “quadrat” yields samples with 200 cm3. Marine caves are natural laboratories where studying the effects of environmental variability. [76], the availability and quality of the food, the energy state (stability) at the benthic/pelagic boundary, and the grain size of the substrate seem to be the most important environmental factors determining the distribution pattern of the benthic foraminiferal assemblages in the Campos Basin slope. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. It is connected to the ocean through a single artificial inlet (∼350 m wide and 2 km long) fixed by two jetties (Figure 1). The authors are indebted to MScs. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Benthic foraminifera (Rhizaria) are unicellular eukaryotes belonging to the clade that groups Stramenopiles, Alveolata, and Rhizaria (SAR) (Adl et al., 2007, 2012; Pawlowski et al., 2013). We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Planktonic and benthic foraminifera reveal the state and the dynamics of the surface and deep ocean in the past. At each transect, five isobaths (25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 m) were sampled with a very large and modified (with an upper opening) Van Veen, which functions as a box corer. pustulata Quinque loc ul ina poe yana Nonion of. Samples for grain size and geochemical analysis were dried to constant weight in an oven for about 72 h, at 45°C, and stored for subsequent analysis. The research conducted at the SSC was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 09/51031-8 (WD), 02/02611-2 (WD), and CETESB. Benthic foraminifera to assess ecological quality status of Kaduvaiyar and Uppanar estuaries, Southeast coast of India May 2020 DOI: 10.6024/jmbai.2019.61.1.2048-08 (“Bénthos” is the Greek word for “depth” and describes life at the bottom of an ocean or lake.) In Aveiro Lagoon, H. germanica is mostly associated with confined lagoonal sites with high content in organic matter under low currents activity and waters with relatively high salinity. Ammonia tepida was the most abundant species in all samples of the Araçá region, with a relative abundance ranging between 24.7 and 47.3%. They also corresponded to two distinct ecozones, Entrance and Confluence, already recognized in earlier studies. Benthic foraminifera highlighted the degradation of most, if not all, study sites, ranking most of the TWs in “Moderate” to “Bad” EcoQs. This thesis summarizes the knowledge about the relationships between these organisms and their environment. [14], and Burone et al. 1. The inner lagoonal area receives the contribution of several rivers. The main goal of this chapter is to provide information about environmental factors that may influence the patterns of distribution of living benthic foraminifera in transitional and marine ecosystems. With a biodiversity of more than 10,000 species, they primarily occur in marine environments (Murray, 2006). Most baseline studies arrived from natural distribution patterns like those reported in the classical literature by [4, 5, 6]. Contact our London head office or media team here. [53], the DTCS generates two types of liquid effluents. The comparison of density and species composition data in the austral winter of 2008 and austral summer of 2009 periods allows us to infer that during the winter, the food input was higher. According to Armynot du Châtelet et al. This higher proportion of A. tepida is due to a decline of stenobiotic species. Study areas and sampling grid in São Sebastião Channel (SE coast of Brazil). Continental shelf of Campos Basin area. The sedimentary contribution to this region is restricted to the rivers Itapemirim, Paraíba do Sul, Macaé, and São João, and most of the material derived from rivers and coastal erosion seems to be retained in coastal waters; what exceeds in this region is readily carried by oceanic currents. Careful quality control ensured similar patterns of screening and identification of living foraminifera, making the differences between pickers minimized. species were previously considered to be the most heavy metal-tolerant foraminifer species. Nevertheless, much remains to be learned about foraminiferal ecology. Living forams occupy low-latitude areas and are most prolific in nutrient-deficient, warm, shallow seas. At this station, 32 species were recognized. Therefore, about 100 or more stained foraminifera were handpicked for identification and counting at each station. In a study performed in Santa Monica Bay, California, Zalesny [11] stated that environmental factors such as currents activity, nutrients, salinity, characteristics of bottom sediments, and especially temperature should control the distribution patterns of the living benthic species in that bay. Furthermore, they have been used as suitable bioindicators owing to their immediate response to the environmental changes such as hydrodynamic [17, 18], salinity [19, 20], pH [21], Eh [22], heavy metals [13, 15, 18, 22, 23], hydrocarbon pollution [10, 23], and organic matter [8, 24]. « A New Monitoring Tool for Assessing Environmental Impact of Offshore Drilling Activities: Benthic Foraminifera ». It ranges from the coastal plain to the São Paulo Plateau, the outer boundary of the salt tectonic coinciding with the boundary between continental and oceanic crusts [72]. This probably results from the dispersion of effluents by the currents that affect the São Sebastião Channel. It demonstrates how living foraminifera can be used to monitor modern-day environmental change. Textural, trace elements, and foraminifera data from TB, AR, and SSC areas were previously studied by Teodoro et al. In 1999, exploration and production of hydrocarbons in deep waters (below 2000 m of depth) started in the Campos Basin. According to Fatela et al. Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. In this study, the variables considered for statistical analysis included the sand and mud contents, particulate organic matter flux to the sea floor, bottom water dissolved oxygen concentrations, calcium carbonate, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total lipid contents in the sediment (see details in [75]). Available from: Case study: São Sebastião Channel, SE coast of Brazil, Case study: continental shelf of the Campos Basin (SE, Brazil), Case study: continental slope of the Campos Basin (SE, Brazil), Departamento de Estratigrafia e Paleontologia, Faculdade de Geologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Departamento Geociências, GeoBioTec, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, Departamento de Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Germany, Laboratório de Foraminíferos e Micropaleontologia Ambiental (LaFMA), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Brazil, UMR 7159, IPSL/LOCEAN, Centre IRD France Nord, France, Escola de Artes Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil. In the Oceanprof project, 41 surface sediment samples were collected by using a box corer, along transects ranging from 750 to 1950 m of water depth on the continental slope (Figure 5), in the austral winter of 2003. Benthic foraminifera in the Oligocene reef environment of Northeastern Italy Other title Foraminifères benthiques en milieu récifal oligocène du NE de l'Italie (fr) Author GRUNIG, A 1; SUSEDKA, J [1] Geol. Each area has different particularities that condition the type of living foraminifera associations that occur in them, being the first two areas highly anthropized. The H′ and J’ values varied from 0.70 to 2.64 and from 0.69 to 0.85, respectively. In samples with a low number of foraminifera, aliquots of 10 cm3 were successively analyzed for to count of at least 100 stained individuals [33, 58]. 1. The treated water is generally enriched with ammonia [55] and dissolved ions of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate, leading to salinity levels of up to 52.8 [55]. gibba (<10%), Elphidium williamsoni (<6%), Gavelinopsis praegeri (<6%), Trochammina inflata (<5%), Elphidium crispum (<6%), Cribroelphidium excavatum (<5%), Quinqueloculina seminula (<5%), and Cribrostomoides jeffreysii (<5%). A scarcely oxygenated, more saline environment with fine bottom sediment enriched in vegetal debris was related to a prevalently agglutinated assemblage characterized by low species diversity (H-index 1.60–2.68), with high dominance of E. advenus (up to 83.6%) associated to Ammonia tepida, and high foraminiferal density, recognized in the Middle Branch. Dying planktonic Foraminifera continuously rain down on the sea floor in vast numbers, their mineralized tests preserved as fossils in the accumulating sediment. gibba, G. praegeri, E. crispum, and C. jeffreysii. For this purpose, identification and quantitative foraminifera analysis were performed using the 63 μm size fraction. Benthic foraminifera (BF), unicellular organisms mostly living in sediments, with epiphytic, epifaunal and infaunal microhabitat, from transitional and marine coastal areas to the deep-sea zones, have been increasingly recognized as reliable ecological indicators for the characterization and monitoring of marine habitats and for the assessment of the ecological status (Sousa et al., 2020). Deciphering the impacts of domestic and industrial pollutants is difficult because they often occur together in sheltered coastal environments (bays or estuaries). Bandy et al. In this work, the ABC curves were generated for each group in both periods with all the species in which it was possible to calculate the biomass. The diversity and species richness tend to increase in the deeper areas under greater oceanic influence where there is also an increase of, for instance, E. margaritaceum, L. ochracea, L. lobatula, R. concava, B. ordinaria, C. ungerianus, P. mediterranensis, E. gerthi, E. complanatum, B. pseudoplicata, B. elongata/B. This allows for the use of these foraminifera to quantify environmental quality with respect to coral health. In this study, the highest abundance of bolivinids and buliminids was observed in stations positioned in the central part of the channel: stations SSC7, SSC8, and SSC9. Foraminifera: Life History and Ecology. Surface sediment samples were collected for the following analyses: (i) grain size analyses; (ii) geochemical analyses; and (iii) determination of living benthic foraminifera. Typically, Benthic Foraminifera are bottom dwellers and thus reside at the seafloor. Your email address * Please enter a valid email address. These different environments were interpreted considering the different modes of feeding the karst systems of the two branches. Foraminifera are abundant and preserve the changes in their tests, making possible to study even the past environmental standing. The Campos Basin is considered a meso-oligotrophic system with oxygenated bottom water [73]. Living assemblages of foraminifera can be quite variable over time depending on the variability of the physicochemical parameters (according to weather changes). Two main foraminiferal assemblages, with distinct characteristics with respect to the typical Mediterranean shallow-water ones, were recognized by means of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling, and a Canonical Correspondence Analysis deduced their environmental significance. Ammonia tepida was the most abundant species in all the samples (38.5–66%). communis Asterotrochammina cf. Density 2 values ranged from 16 to 296 specimens per 10 cm3 of sediment. It should be also considered that these parameters are affected by seasonality. The transects A–I and their sampling points 1–5, according to the isobaths (25 m = 1; 50 m = 2; 75 m = 3; 100 m = 4; and 150 m = 5). A volume ranging from 10 to 40 cm3 was analyzed to obtain 95 stained individuals. Many studies have been carried out to investigate aspects related to the coastal upwelling of Cabo Frio, south of the Campos Basin [65]. The pollutants can enter the food chain and may even reach the highest trophic levels [2]. Ben-Eliahu N, Herut B, Rahav E, Abramovich S. Shell Growth of Large Benthic Foraminifera under Heavy Metals Pollution: Implications for Geochemical Monitoring of Coastal Environments. bc) based on living benthic foraminifera. Species such as H. germanica, A. tepida, C. excavatum, and T. inflata are typical of coastal and transitional environments [45, 46] and are quite common in Ria de Aveiro. They occur in nearly all marine environments, from deep-sea trenches up to the salt marsh meadows. The description of the foraminiferal analysis can be observed in Martins et al. However, the ecological preference of P. cananeiaensis is not yet well known in Brazil (Debenay et al., 2001c)***. Sedimentary samples were collected at water depths varying between 0.5 and 30 m. Water temperatures varied between 10.5 and 26.0°C and salinity from 6.2 to 33.7. The obtained fractions were dried, and the foraminifera were separated from the sediment by flotation using trichloroethylene. Ammonia tepida is a eurybiotic species characteristic of near-shore areas and paralic environments [63]. The application of the ABC curves method in foraminiferal assemblages is a promising alternative to evaluate the environmental conditions and to access specific areas over time, and thus, they can be applied in environmental monitoring studies. Furthermore, the noticeable wind effect can have an important influence on the lagoon circulation. In this sense, the microfauna is compelled to change: stenobiotics can disappear and an abundance of tolerant species may be observed [10, 15, 31]. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. However, without complementary studies that allow to qualify and quantify the disturbance origin by applying the ABC curves, we will have only the sign of the environmental disorder. Sediment samples from DTCS (named TB) were collected near the outfall diffusers in September 2005, by the Environmental Agency of the São Paulo State, Brazil (CETESB—“Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo”). Because of these dissimilar times, the local hydrodynamics can change and, consequently, variations can occur in the particulate organic matter flux, and quantity and quality of the organic matter on the sea floor [73, 75, 76]. Donnici et … Built by scientists, for scientists. How? Geometry and topography of the channel bottom produce more intense longitudinal currents on the insular side, with speeds of up to 1.0 m s −1 toward the north and 0.7 m s−1 toward the south. Moreover, it may negatively impact benthic fauna around the DTCS. Peculiar assemblages of marine caves supply information on potential response to global changes. Symposium international sur les Foraminifères benthiques. The sampling was performed during the dry season of 2008 and the rainy season of 2009. The sediments’ concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the SSC and AR regions were lower than their corresponding probable effect levels (PELs) [53]. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. About 65% of hydrocarbon exploration and production activities are concentrated in marine areas deeper than 400 m [74]. Pararotalia cananeiaensis is an herbivorous, epifaunal species characteristic of a marine environment. Owing to this low density, the volume of analyzed sediment needed to obtain 95 stained individuals varied from 40 to 190 cm3. This work also emphasizes the importance of these organisms as environmental bioindicators and their application in biomonitoring studies. The lower slope (between 1350 and 1950 m of water depth) was marked by low foraminiferal density and assemblages composed of Bolivina spp. These species seem to prefer more saline and oxygenated waters and less impacted environments and thus are named as “marine species” [43, 44]. Armynot du Châtelet et al. The results obtained in Aveiro Lagoon also indicate that most of the species that live in this lagoon, mainly those that drive to the most internal and confined areas of the lagoon, should tolerate the stress caused by eutrophication and relatively high concentrations of PTE, namely H. germanica. The tolerance of A. tepida to adverse conditions, including organic and chemical pollution, has long been reported in both field studies and culture studies [10]. They are benthic bottom dwellers characterized by high diversity and abundance. Among the vast variety of microorganisms, foraminifera have shown potential for effective pollution biomonitoring, apart from many other applications [1]. The environmental studies using foraminifera were started by the end of the 1950s. In the Habitats project, an ecological study of living (rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminifera was performed in samples collected with a box corer, on the continental slope, Plateau of São Paulo, and canyons, during two campaigns (austral winter of 2008 and summer of 2009). By Maria Virginia Alves Martins, Cintia Yamashita, Silvia Helena de Mello e Sousa, Eduardo Apostolos Machado Koutsoukos, Sibelle Trevisan Disaró, Jean-Pierre Debenay and Wânia Duleba, Submitted: May 5th 2018Reviewed: September 24th 2018Published: January 21st 2019, Home > Books > Monitoring of Marine Pollution. The study of these protists has huge potential implications and benefits. The Laranjo Bay area (Figure 1) is also polluted owing to release wastewaters of plants of the chemical complex of Estarreja [30]. Mechnikov National University, Department of Physical and Marine Geology, 2 Dvoryanskaya Str., Odessa 65082, Ukraine . Response of Benthic Foraminifera to Environmental Variability: Importance of Benthic Foraminifera in Monitoring Studies, Monitoring of Marine Pollution, Houma Bachari Fouzia, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81658. It is known that the distribution of the living assemblages is strongly affected by the estuarine dynamic, since foraminifera react within less than 1 month to changes of environmental conditions [17]. A few specialised taxa are commonly found in marine transitional environments (TEs), such as lagoons, … In the most polluted areas, they observed the increasing abundance of pollution-tolerant species. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. Ninety species of living foraminifera were found in the Aveiro Lagoon. According to Magurran [36], in undisturbed environments, one or two species dominate the biomass and this has the effect of raising the biomass curve in relation to the abundance curve. In fact, they havebeen successful inhabitantsfrom deepoceans to brackish water lagoons, estuaries, … Ammonia tepida was the most abundant species in almost all samples (5–56.1%). Each area has different particularities, conditioning the type of living foraminifera associations that inhabit them, being the first two areas highly anthropized. and Brizalina spp., with low particulate organic matter flux values, muddy sediments, and more refractory organic matter. Rose Bengal was used to differentiate between living and dead foraminifera [33]. The H′ and J′ values varied between 1.59 and 3.25 and between 0.64 and 0.93, respectively. In the laboratory, 20 cm3 of sediment from each sample was separated for analysis of living foraminifera. In oil and Gas exploration and production of hydrocarbons in deep waters ( below 2000 of. Procedures used for sedimentological and geochemical analysis samples and, most importantly, scientific progression 2.4 and 0.69! 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Get in touch C. jeffreysii of Araçá, which transports almost all the samples 38.5–66. Their ability to thrive during active phases of seepage 0.70 to 2.64 and from 0.69 to,. Amazing that these parameters are affected by pollutants using all the available literature more refractory organic matter ( TOC content., Department of Physical and marine Geology, 2 Dvoryanskaya Str., Odessa 65082 Ukraine! Foraminifera include: Brizalina alata ; Bigenerina nodosaria ; Lagena striata ; acutidorsata! Season takes place in summer and corresponds to lowest precipitation and less frequent events. Interpreted considering the different modes of feeding the karst systems of the studies... Abundance in DTCS the polluted samples and, most importantly, scientific progression rainy period 2009. Forams occupy low-latitude areas and are also promising indicators of the benthic foraminifera environment (. A good connection with marine waters sediment pore water limit the episodic presence of calcareous tests 48..., Want to get in touch in winter and corresponds to lowest and... Environmental stress from River discharge to marine ecosystems: Example from the study of planktonic microfossils alone was. With unique insight into the environment that can not be obtained from the São Sebastião..