Originally the Reformed Church in Poland included both the Calvinists and the Anti-trinitarians (also known as the Socinians and the Polish Brethren); however, they eventually split due to an inability to reconcile their divergent views on the Trinity. Those who fled to England were given support by the Church of England. The Habsburgs, who ruled Spain, Austria, the Crown of Bohemia, Hungary, Slovene Lands, the Spanish Netherlands and much of Germany and Italy, were staunch defenders of the Catholic Church. In 1532, the Waldensians, who had been already present centuries before the Reformation, aligned themselves and adopted the Calvinist theology. Protestant teachings were smuggled into Spain by Spaniards such as Julián Hernández, who in 1557 was condemned by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. Much of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary adopted Protestantism during the 16th century. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. [17] Some nuns, such as Katharina von Bora and Ursula of Munsterberg, left the monastic life when they accepted the Reformation, but other orders adopted the Reformation, as Lutherans continue to have monasteries today. In the 1520s Luther's reforms spread among the mostly German-speaking inhabitants of such major cities as Danzig (now Gdańsk), Thorn (now Toruń) and Elbing (now Elbląg). Sascha O. Becker, Steven Pfaff and Jared Rubin. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. [65] In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg declared the Edict of Potsdam (October 1685), giving free passage to Huguenot refugees and tax-free status to them for ten years. Germany was home to the greatest number of Protestant reformers. Thanks for any help you can offer! The Reformation was one of the decisive events that made the world we live in, for better or worse. Long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. [109], Schism within the Western Christian Church in the 16th century, Political situation in Germany about 1560, Religious situation in Germany and Europe about 1560, The New Testament translated by Enzinas, published in, For an example of Reformation history in the Radical Reformation Tradition, see. A History of Polish Christianity. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation developed radical Protestant churches throughout Europe. Different reformers arose more or less independently of Luther in 1518 (for example Andreas Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon, Erhard Schnepf, Johannes Brenz and Martin Bucer) and in 1519 (for example Huldrych Zwingli, Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Ulrich von Hutten), and so on. The Decline of Latin. Faith Alone. The Protestant Reformation followed diverse paths outside the Holy Roman Empire, generally as a minority movement. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, there was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the 1521 Edict of Worms. Additionally, other events contributed to the reformation. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations. Some of these, like the use of local language as the liturgical language, were approved by the pope as early as in the 9th century. The Protestant Reformation, taking place in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, was a time of major religious changes in Europe. Fewer referendums on leisure, state intervention, and redistribution in Swiss cantons with more Protestants. [20] In response to reports about the destruction and violence, Luther condemned the revolt in writings such as Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants; Zwingli and Luther's ally Philipp Melanchthon also did not condone the uprising. answer choices . Lollardy was suppressed and became an underground movement, so the extent of its influence in the 1520s is difficult to assess. Lutheranism gained a significant following in the eastern half of present-day Austria, while Calvinism was less successful. 1 Questions & Answers Place. Some Protestants left Italy and became outstanding activists of the European Reformation, mainly in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (e.g. The Protestant Reformation Throughout the Middle Ages the Catholic Church was subject to much criticism and disappointment. The Reformation has been credited as a key factor in the formation of transnational advocacy movements. But why did the Reformation happen when it did? The Protestant Reformation was one of the most transformative events in church history. Free inquiry. [43] Luther became so angry that he famously carved into the meeting table in chalk Hoc Est Corpus Meum—a Biblical quotation from the Last Supper meaning "This is my body". The greatest geographical extent of Protestantism occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. In the 14th century, the various … During Reformation-era confessionalization, Western Christianity adopted different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). The early Puritan movement (late 16th–17th centuries) was Reformed (or Calvinist) and was a movement for reform in the Church of England. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Calvinism became the most numerous Protestant group because Calvin's teachings on the role of the state within religion appealed to the nobility (known as szlachta), mainly in Lesser Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Finally, in 1717, the Silent Sejm banned non-Catholics from becoming deputies of the Parliament. The study and practice of music was encouraged in Protestant-majority countries. The various groups had their own juridical systems. Protestants likely formed a majority of Hungary's population at the close of the 16th century, but Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted a majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. ... During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation? [61] One of those who fled France at that time was John Calvin, who emigrated to Basel in 1535 before eventually settling in Geneva in 1536. The translation had a significant impact upon the Welsh population and helped to firmly establish Protestantism among the Welsh people. He saw four major discrepancies between what the Church was teaching and what Scripture actually taught England had already given rise to the Lollard movement of John Wycliffe, which played an important part in inspiring the Hussites in Bohemia. Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. 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