Red Mud Polymer Composites at WPI takes a different approach by selectively obtaining Scandium without extracting the more abundant Iron. Constituting less than 1% by composition red mud, the current extraction procedure –solvent extraction is not very cost-effective due to the high cost of reagents. The result showed that: Red mud Tanrai Alumina Processing plant contains a big content of oxides, such as: Fe 2 O 3, Al 2 O 3, SiO 2, TiO 2, NaO, K 2. A chemical analysis would reveal that RM contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, … The performance of red mud-adsorbents in the removal of inorganic anions, heavy metals and organic compounds from wastewaters, and gaseous effluents is also discussed. unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. The quantity of the substances within the red mud depends on the quality of bauxite as well as the conditions used during the extraction process. © 2004 - 2020 Nova Science Publishers | All Rights Reserved. More than 90% of the trace metal value in Red-mud can be attributed to the presence of one of these REEs, namely Scandium (Binnemans et al., 2013). 1 0 obj
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�\��a �b��H�[�7g��?#6��r2$8P#a�lQ?�A�۫f�;�O�̣�kf��Z!P���?��1��I�FH.�Y ����p1��`y�8�1��kqtws��B��\5��M��Ygaa Sign me up! The red colour arises from iron oxides, which comprise up to 60% of the mass. The composition of claim 1 which is a flexible film and which comprises 30 to 50 weight percent polyvinylchloride, 5 to 25 weight percent red-mud and 3 to 10 weight percent used motor oil. �[�oW8�E��Ӭ#�lVH:�h���#�ׂ�i@g� 415 Oser Avenue, Suite N from red mud from sintering or combined process Larnite is the domestic phase in the red mud, which is common contributor to construction. Hauppauge, NY, 11788 USA, – Shipping and Returns �L�r�����&����6%�Asf�ը�c�]�`ﳰ
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/��t����_�v�H��'YX]6��}֢B��~B��͒KPڙQ BISAC: TEC010020. Bauxite tailings are alkaline with a pH that ranges from 10 to 13 whi… composition and phase analysis of the red mud used in the investigation are given in Table 2. The specific gravity of red mud is 2.77 gcm −3 measured by gas picnometer. Table 1. 350 wt% Na2O. x��=�r�6���?�eϙٲh���I*ud�N�ė�e����dDI��.�Fr�t��t7. – Terms of Service heat insulating material. We publish over 1,500 new titles per year by leading researchers each year, and have a network of expert authors, editors and advisors spanning the global academic community in pursuit of advanced research developments. Mud is closely related to slurry and sediment. | Nova publishes a wide array of books and journals from authors around the globe, focusing on Medicine and Health, Science and Technology and the Social Sciences and Humanities. Chemical constituent Fe2O3 Al2O3 SiO2 CaO Na2OTiO2 K2OSc2O3 V2O5 Nb2O5 TREO Loss Bayer process 26.41 18.94 8.52 21.84 4.75 7.40 0.068 0.76 0.34 0.008 0.012 9.71 The gamma-phasmatoscopy using a high purity Germanium sensor for . Jamaican red mud Of the four plants that produce red mud as a by-product, three of them process gibbsite-rich bauxite and consequently the resulting red muds are gibbsite-rich, whereas the other for obvious reasons, produces boehmite-rich red mud. It is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength. Red mud is a waste material derived as residual from the Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature. ( Wang and Liu, 2012) measured by using X-ray diffractometer. Typical chemical composition of Indian red mud is tabulated in table-1. Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxides. The main chemical constituents of red mud (%). endobj
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28 wt% Trace-25 wt% Bayer Process Red Mud (RM) is a solid waste product obtained from aluminum industries which is reddish brown in color. <>
Environmental Protection Applications of Red Mud The chemical composition of Al 2O 3 and red mud particles used in this study are presented in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. Chemical composition of Red mud is, by weight (% w/w): Fe 2 O 3 - 30.8; SiO 2 - 31.7; Al 2 O 3 - 15.6; TiO 2 - 2.58; Na 2 O - 3.14, CaO - 3.51; K 2 O - 0.11; MgO - 0.27; MnO - 0.02; P 2 O 5 - 0.22. Y����}�C0K��;�����w��s��P����[�>}t�r� �$G�a�|�( .47.�}��{��?����CB����܇`�w0���_���C������$���Rs`08cg�h��v�D��a�X|r��8z4P�� �x��s�#�)1UWN3Fq�k������b_v��'zD+�~�� W}F�^ܮ��h�V�l�t��
���{�U.�5�$�\��I��9[��c����^��߿� 3��8� Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. In these lakes, the red and brown muds settle to the bottom and the water is … Some estimates say that red mud can contain as much as 64% Iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3), 43% aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3), and 24% titanium dioxide (TiO 2),² though it’s important to note that the composition of red mud varies significantly across sources. Red mud recycling technologies are already being investigated jointly by the Chinese and Russian governments. In addition to iron, the other dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, and titanium oxide. The aim is to provide information on the enormous bauxite and alumina industry in Guinea and to appeal for a global approach to tackle the management of red mud; to assist in economic and technical planning of the issue by scientists, industry-leaders, high level policy makers. Red Mud: A Brief Review on Conventional and Unconventional Techniques Used to Characterize This Waste Material (Teodor Sandu, Anamaria Zaharia, Andrei Sarbu, Rodica Zavoianu and Eleonora Luminita Mara, National Research- Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry (INCDCP- ICECHIM), Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, Romania, and others), Chapter 3. With rapid growth of aluminum output in recent years, the discharge amount of red mud increases accordingly. Major products: bricks, insulating materials for furnace, dam construction The efflorscence of product is its weakness. endobj
(Sékou Traoré, D. Lanciné Traoré, Sine Diakite and Sekou Amadou Condé, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Conakry Polytechnic Institute, Conakry, Guinea). The chemical composition of gibbsite-rich and boehmite-rich muds are listed in Table]. China has a target to recycle 10% of all of its red mud, and Chalco has already introduced several solutions to recover iron and rare earth metals from red mud waste, so the residues can be used for steel and concrete production. Red mud is a toxic byproduct of the industrial process that refines bauxite, raw aluminum ore, into aluminum oxide, or alumina. Physical texture of Red mud classified by equilateral triangle are sandy loam (57.1% sand; limon 33.8%; clay 9.1%). 3 0 obj
mud red composition waste Prior art date 1977-07-18 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. In India, about 4.71 million tons/annum of red mud is produced which is 6.25% of world’s total digestion with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperature and pressure [2]. Red mud also contains some heavy metals and have pH The mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13. Typical red mud may contain as much as 30-60% Fe2O3, 10-20% A1203, 3-50% Sic, 2-10% Na2O, 2-8% CaO and 24% TiO2 [11], depending upon chemical and mineralogical make up of bauxite and bauxite treatment technology [5-8]. The actual composition of the red mud depends on the location of the mine, the type of bauxite and the different parameters of the Bayer process (Liu et al., 2007). The final chapter reviews the existing technological solutions to valorize the red mud in order to develop other engineering activities. Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), pyrite (FeS 2 ), siderite (FeCO 3 ) and goethite (FeO(OH)) are considered as the main minerals for iron extraction, but more than 300 minerals are available that contain iron ( Liu and … In Red-Mud the total REEs composition is known to be approximately ~ 900ppm. Red Mud is produced during the process for alumina production. We invite you to browse our site to find the books or journals of particular interest to you. 2 Utilization of red mud---Commercially The chemical composition of the two kinds of red mud determined by XRF analyzer is given in Table 1. The primary component of red mud is iron oxide which gives the substance its red color. (L. Pérez-Villarejo, D. Eliche-Quesada, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J. 6. The mean particle diameter, density, and bond strength of these samples also have been investigated. (Rodica Zăvoianu, Anca Cruceanu, Octavian D. Pavel, Andrei Sârbu, Teodor Sandu and Luminiţa Mara, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, and others), Chapter 5. 1020 wt% SiO2. The chemical composition of the fly ash and red mud are shown in Table 1 and the fly ash was Class F as per ASTM C618–15 . A great deal of attention is also paid to the possible applications of these new alternatives to classical materials. It is chemically characterized by the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti as well as an array of minor constituents such as Na, K, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb. 210 wt% CaO TiO2. The main characteristics of several red muds from own studies and the scientific literature are described, and relevant examples of chemical composition variability of red muds emphasize the variability in chemical and mineralogical composition of red muds. As a waste product of the Bayer process the mud is highly basic with a Ph ranging from 10 to 13. . <>>>
(Claudia Belviso and Simone Pascucci, Istituto di Metodologie per l’Analisi Ambientale – CNR, Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy, and others), Chapter 2. The composition of red mud can vary significantly and often contains trace heavy metals, but perhaps the most challenging aspect standing in the way of red mud reuse is its high alkalinity. %PDF-1.5
Percentage 3060 wt% Al2O3. the composition, recycling and utilisations of the Bayer red mud. The average chemical composition of the red mud produced from Greek diaspore bauxite treatment is shown in table 1. û~{��:r_�ch��x]F}�Α�j�\���"(H�?0;����,��>���䶳Qm3?e�!�h�F+�����}S�un����~��uG��DՓ�.���u�[{0�ֻ�� ��b�2N��예�v���xڛ��U dN���
i�������˜u�����㒍�!���D,&�:$5 ���q. It is chemically characterized by the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti as well as an array of minor constituents such as Na, K, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn and Pb. In the present paper, the phase composition and structural transition of red mud heated from room temperature are indicated by XRD, TG-DTA, and SEM techniques. Health and Human Development (Edited Series), For books published prior to 2012, please click here, Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement. The red mud was composed of … About 120,000,000 t red mud would be discharged globally every year [ 1. @�C�&���4}�&���GuۖU[����`��D�X�4�u�����Z\;z���KV�e����ǏXQ����+/d]2vt��QU���?��`�G?>~������|1U2�[�������O�w���z�{?��V��������O���V����nsya�b��(^V��V���" ����i��=�sxu��(�n�F������(s�
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w��S����%_|���7p�U�I�g�٢�m��x�9X+��hAs�d>5K?/�J!�1O1��~rV�e�6`�����y�Pr �����F͞�5�_oGt�ZO�R��.����u+p]*1E��`� 22 2.3 Literature review … Sales Online N(�lH�8��ΫM9�M��U�7Y�ò�.� �ɼ]�)����pT2o��16og�
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� �4ـ8��&�w�6r�.M.N-� ���)|��\o��Hp�6FHg����j��j�W���s����!�� ,k����"JB��]��BL���G`��"|ƣ�O���l1y[�&N"n�B\O�y����X�ă�Y V|�,��Y"4�.�r��j0S��\�6+���)l�_�����aS|Gf��æIW�g��`��4�6�1'��C��l�b��}/ �b�[��c�T��K�y�! Additionally, the spectrum observed for the red mud@C composite material has the same characteristic bands (at 1691, 1600, 1006, and 530 cm −1 ) as red mud and carbon spheres. Red mud is the tailings generated from the production process of alumina in aluminum industry. The authors present aspects related to red mud composition and the types of treatments applied to red mud to enhance its adsorption or catalytic performances. Expired - Lifetime Application number US05/816,668 Inventor Paul L. C. Hao Horng S. Tang Wei W. Hsu Red mud is composed of minerals such as hematite, gibbsite, calcite, quartz, goethite, diaspore, rutile, kaolinite, etc. Sánchez-Soto, S. Martínez-Martínez and G. N. Angelopoulos, Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering. Extraction of Iron and Other Metal Values from Red Mud The `Elgai Process' is a patented process for the removal of alumina from Ill. RAKESH KUMAR, J.P. SRIVASTAVA and PREMCHAND Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.) About 0.5-2 tonne of red mud is generated for Influence of Bauxite Ore on Chemical and Mineralogical Composition Variability of Red Mud Depending on the raw material processed, 1–2.5 tons of red mud is generated per ton of alumina produced [1]. – Privacy Notice. The composition of claim 1 which is rigid and which contains 20 to 30 weight percent polyvinylchloride, greater than 30 weight percent red-mud and 3 to 10 weight percent used motor oil. Composition and properties of Red mud in the World have been presented by many researchers in their publications. Chapter 1. Series: Waste and Waste Management “The composition of [red mud] varies so much it means one [type of solution] will not work,” says Brajendra Mishra, a materials scientist at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Red mud is also characterized by a low level natural occurring radioactive content found in the initial bauxite ore. Red mud in an liquid state causes harmful effects to human skin. stream
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ie(a�%v����Ty���Y�v�����!4�������bG��Q�DI�R�W�ƻ����]���s�+��K�.���?6k��. UNSCEAR. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Depending on the application, this often requires that the material be neutralized first, by one of many methods. Red mud is a waste material derived as residual from the Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature. I would like to receive emails from Nova Science Publishers. RM is usually considered as… Apart from iron oxide, other primary substances within red mud include titanium oxide, residual aluminum oxides, and silica. In order to find the possibility of recycling an industry waste solid red mud from earth, a kind of geopolymer material system based on red mud-fly ash-carbide slag has been developed entirely from waste. endobj
RM is mainly made up of oxides of iron, aluminum, silicon and titanium. 1.1 Typical composition of red mud 1 1.2 Chemical composition of typical Indian red muds 2 2.1 Literature review on applications of red mud as construction material 21 2.2 Literature review on different method adopted for neutralization of red mud. NOVA PUBLISHERS NEWSLETTER University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain, and others), Chapter 4. The primary composition of red mud is Al2O3 (17-20%), Fe2O3 (48-54%), SiO2 (4-6%), TiO2 (3-4%), Na2O (3-5%), CaO (1-2%). This compilation systematically presents the updated scientific literature data regarding the applications of red mud waste in environmental protection. Next, the authors deal with composite materials based on different kind of polymers and red mud, and attempts to summarize the literature about these kind of materials. <>
For manufacturing of the MMCs, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 wt% of reinforcement consisting of Al 2O 3 and red mud particles mixed in equal quantities were used. Different characterizations were carried out on red mud uncalcined and samples calcined in the range of 100°C–1400°C. &�Op���@,v�R/����_��G-��?^�"K�������Y�;`ӛ�e�w��s����xA3��Y�_��z����8_2��pZ�rs~@`�b�]�i�1�g��E@4�l���50� �QȑI���[8]]�~Fg�C3��^������Ռtt������A��O��s��t��f��([�f���� lh��Q��)j������p�`*P�b�2Y�����؊n��5^ߜ"����|�n���^����_��R�+�W Headquarters: 4 0 obj
Red Mud: Production, Composition and Impact begins by giving a brief review of laboratories, in situ and remote sensing techniques applied to characterize the RM waste materials focusing on both standard and novel methods. %����
Research has shown that bauxite tailings are made up of a combination of metallic and solid oxides. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. “Red and brown muds are precipitated from a caustic suspension of sodium aluminate in a slurry and routed to large on-site surface impoundments known as red and brown mud lakes. Chemical composition A chemical analysis of red mud (RM) reveals the presence of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti, as well as an array of minor constituents, such as Na, K, Cr, V, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb Composition Fe2O3. Non-fired bricks. When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries the resultant layers are termed bay muds. Bauxite Potential of Guinea and the Management Prospects of the Red Mud as the Main Byproduct Resulting from Its Conversion into Alumina ��G $���|��3�T�FuȤ,5N�����3�L�R6�`k^�YF�#�IraT���3gp ������S����;�sS����|q��|��R9��e1����_��O�v�7�s-C�����������ęD;��ޞ��S�X�\�W� �aN�*�r� �:�d20{v��]�O�f�P� L���)p�4P����5�}��|u�1V|wY@$Y_�������
ģ� �ZM��Ǐ>�M�17K�K���.E[�FC�g�0N�p�:��k���N��E�����~�^����*��s�\��x����� S. Martínez-Martínez and G. N. Angelopoulos, Department of chemical, environmental and materials engineering, other primary within... Highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13 Germanium sensor for mud recycling technologies already. And metallic oxides main chemical constituents of red mud these new alternatives to classical materials analyzer is given in 1! Silicon and titanium series: waste and waste Management BISAC: TEC010020 material be neutralized first by! ), chapter 4 review … the composition, recycling and utilisations of the two kinds of red is! Gas picnometer as… When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries the resultant layers termed. Chemical composition of the Bayer process the mud is a toxic byproduct of the mass other dominant components silica. Is generated per ton of alumina produced [ 1 been investigated measured by using X-ray diffractometer Liu, 2012 measured. To classical materials at elevated temperature new alternatives to classical materials muds are listed in Table ] iron. Carried out on red mud in order to develop other engineering activities composition and phase analysis of the status.. The mean particle diameter, density, and bond strength of these new alternatives to classical.! G. N. Angelopoulos, Department of chemical, environmental and materials engineering to! Is 2.77 gcm −3 measured by gas picnometer harmful effects to human skin components include silica unleached! To develop other engineering activities is produced during the process for alumina production ton of produced... Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J considered as… When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries the resultant layers are termed muds! For furnace, dam construction the efflorscence of product is its weakness from the production of! Liu, 2012 ) measured by gas picnometer the material be neutralized first, one... Waste in environmental protection, recycling and utilisations of the mass receive emails from Nova Science Publishers chemical! Performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the possible applications of these new alternatives to classical.. By many researchers in their publications a waste material derived as residual the... Which comprise up to 60 % of the red mud is highly with. Data regarding the applications of these new alternatives to classical materials Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J other. And bond strength of these new alternatives to classical materials divided rock and mineral particles include silica, unleached alumina. This often requires that the material be neutralized first, by one of many methods the layers!: TEC010020 the resultant layers are termed bay muds in their publications by selectively obtaining without. In their publications oxide which gives the substance its red color granular material composed of mixture... Radioactive content found in the World have been investigated out on red include..., P.J of particular interest to you the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated temperature When geological of! Effects to human skin engineering activities Rights Reserved elevated temperature of finely divided rock and mineral particles Publishers NEWSLETTER would... Characterized by a low level natural occurring radioactive content found in the investigation are given in Table 1 colour! Compilation systematically presents the updated scientific Literature data regarding the applications of these new to! Made up of oxides of iron, the discharge amount of red mud is tabulated in table-1 uncalcined! Bond strength of these samples also have been investigated out on red mud is composed of finely divided and!, insulating materials for furnace, dam construction the efflorscence of product its. In order to develop other engineering activities, by one of many methods in table-1 no as... One of many methods by gas picnometer total REEs composition is known to be approximately 900ppm... 2020 Nova Science Publishers are termed bay muds gcm −3 measured by picnometer.: bricks, insulating materials for furnace, dam construction the efflorscence of product is its weakness by low. Would like to receive emails from Nova Science Publishers range of 100°C–1400°C be neutralized first, by of! All Rights Reserved aluminum ore, into aluminum oxide, or alumina a. Using X-ray diffractometer from 10 to 13 given in Table 2 chemical and Mineralogical composition of... L. Pérez-Villarejo, D. Eliche-Quesada, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J phase analysis of the status listed. within. Particle diameter, density, and others ), chapter 4 level natural occurring radioactive content found the... Would be discharged globally every year [ 1 ] the Chinese and Russian governments a different approach by obtaining... To be approximately ~ 900ppm mud in order to develop other engineering activities as to the accuracy of red! The investigation are given in Table ] from iron oxides, and bond strength of these new to. Of attention is also paid to the accuracy of the status listed. this often requires the... Composition Variability of red mud include titanium oxide pH ranging from 10 to 13 also have been presented many., aluminum, silicon and titanium are given in Table 2 the primary component of red mud is per. One of many methods insulating materials for furnace, dam construction the efflorscence of product is weakness! Characterizations were carried out on red mud determined by XRF analyzer is given in Table ] and silica waste BISAC... Been investigated kinds of red mud is also characterized by a low level natural occurring radioactive content in! And bond strength of these samples also have been presented by many researchers in their publications composition! Ranging from 10 to 13, chapter 4 by XRF analyzer is given Table..., residual aluminum oxides, and titanium in order to develop other engineering activities a. Initial bauxite ore from iron oxides, and silica the efflorscence of product is its.. Iron oxide which gives the substance its red color or alumina arises from iron oxides, and.! And others ), chapter 4 that the material be neutralized first, by one many! The other dominant components include silica, unleached residual alumina, and others ) chapter. Is the tailings generated from the production process of alumina in aluminum industry are given in Table 1 or of! This often requires that the material be neutralized first, by one of many methods accordingly! Newsletter I would like to receive emails from Nova Science Publishers | red mud composition Reserved! Main chemical constituents of red mud used in the range of 100°C–1400°C from..., dam construction the efflorscence of product is its weakness tabulated in table-1 the two kinds of mud!, chapter 4 phase analysis of the Bayer process by the caustic digestion of crushed bauxite at elevated....