Denna artikel handlar om det antika biblioteket. On being offered a viewing into the tombs of the pharaohs, he refused, saying, "I came to see a king, not a collection of corpses."[14]. [30], In July 2018, archaeologists led by Zeinab Hashish announced the discovery of a 2.000-year-old 30-ton black granite sarcophagus. Mayors of Alexandria (since the implementation of the local-government act of 1960):[28]. According to historian Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed. Plutarch on the beginning of Alexander's reign, Plutarch on Alexander and the wife of Darius. Alexandria was divided into five quarters, bearing the first five letters of the Greek Alphabet. [4] The site also offered unique protection against invading armies: the vast Libyan Desert to the west and the Nile Delta to the east. It contained three damaged skeletons in red-brown sewage water. Ancient accounts are extremely numerous and varied, and much influenced by subsequent developments. Behind it were five villages scattered along the strip between Lake Mareotis and the sea, according to the Romance of Alexander. Sign In or Create Account to view assets data lock Unlock financial insights by subscribing to our monthly plan. One of the more sober descriptions, given by the historian Arrian, tells how Alexander undertook to lay out the city's general plan, but lacking chalk or other means, resorted to sketching it out with grain. Home » Sources » Content » Plutarch » Plutarch's Alexander » Plutarch on the foundation of Alexandria, About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. The Museion was built under Ptolemy II; the Serapeum expanded by Ptolemy III Euergetes; and mausolea for Alexander and the Ptolemies built under Ptolemy IV.[8]. In 215 AD the emperor Caracalla visited the city and, because of some insulting satires that the inhabitants had directed at him, abruptly commanded his troops to put to death all youths capable of bearing arms[citation needed]. We hope to spread our mission and programs to other nature centers in Michigan and beyond. (1992/2000). Their support has been crucial in getting the foundation off to … Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. The Canopic (westernmost) branch of the Nile Delta still existed at that time, and was widely used for shipping. Egypt became part of the Diocese of Jerusalem, founded in 1841, and under the metropolitical authority of … Alexander's tomb became a famous tourist destination for ancient travelers (including Julius Caesar). Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC (the exact date is disputed) as Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Aleksándreia). Workshops and street-front stores as well as private dwellings complement the depictions in literary sources of the city's varied commercial and social life. French troops stormed the city on July 2, 1798 and it remained in their hands until the British victory at the Battle of Alexandria on March 21, 1801, following which the British besieged the city which fell to them on 2 September 1801. In 616, the city was taken by Khosrau II, King of Persia. Now that you’ve wasted your life here, in this small corner, From Constantine P. Cavafy, "The City" (1910), translated by Edmund Keeley, Alexandria was the home of the ethnically Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. Inheriting the trade of ruined Tyre and becoming the center of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian East, the city grew in less than a generation to be larger than Carthage. (At first, Egyptians were probably the plurality of residents, while the Jewish community remained small. Individual grants will be awarded at the discretion of Historic Alexandria Foundation, which administers the Fund, based on the nature, purpose, and merits of the project proposal. Alexandria ligger i Nedre Egypten vid Nilens västra arm i den nordvästra delen av Nildeltat på ett näs mellan Medelhavet och bräckvattensjön Marioutsjön och ligger cirka 220 km nordväst om huvudstaden Kairo.. Staden sträcker sig cirka 20 km [4] längs kusten och har en area om cirka 300 km². This page was created in 2002; last modified on 14 July 2020. Alexander's chief architect for the project was Dinocrates. The Ptolemies fostered the development of the Library of Alexandria and associated Musaeum into a renowned center for Hellenistic learning. According to archaeologist Mostafa Waziri, the skeletons looked like a family burial with a middle-aged woman and two men. From the time of annexation and onwards, Alexandria seemed to have regained its old prosperity, commanding, as it did, an important granary of Rome. Within the next 3-5 years the goal for Alexandria's Nature Bus will be to have additional themes (Michigan Mammals and Creatures of the Night) aboard the bus so that the bus is booked on a daily basis. av Ptolemaios II av Egypten. One of the more sober descriptions, given by the historian Arrian, tells how Alexander undertook to lay out the city's general plan, but lacking chalk or other means, resorted to sketching it out with grain. The Alexandria Education Foundation (AEF) has made the decision to postpone the 2020 Hall of Fame. [26.10] But his seers advised him there was nothing to fear (in their view the city he was founding would abound in resources and would sustain men from every nation); he therefore instructed his overseers to press on with the work. After its foundation, Alexandria became the seat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, and quickly grew to be one of the greatest cities of the Hellenistic world. After Alexandria's status as the country's capital ended, it fell into a long decline, which by the late Ottoman period, had seen it reduced to little more than a small fishing village. Notably, there were few references to Egypt or native Egyptians in Alexandrian poetry; one of the few references to native Egyptians presents them as "muggers. Leaving Siwah, Alexander rode north-east to the Egyptian delta where he founded the city that would become Alexandria-Outside-Egypt. Plutarch on the foundation of Alexandria. Get premium, … Charitable Causes. The Spirit of Alexandria Foundation supports all of the things important to Alexandria Bennett - the wonder of nature, the quest for knowledge, the potential of life and the beauty and interest in everything around us. Just east of Alexandria in ancient times (where now is Abu Qir Bay) there was marshland and several islands. Monumental buildings were erected in Alexandria through the third century BC. Walter Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 23. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Venice has eliminated the jurisdiction and its Alexandrian warehouse became the center of the distribution of spices to the Portuguese Cape route to open in 1498, which marks the commercial decline, worsened by the Turkish invasion. Only Rome, which gained control of Egypt in 30 BC, eclipsed Alexandria in size and wealth. In 1999, when asked for $50,000 to meet increased demand for books and electronic information for the new Charles E. Beatley, Jr. Library, the City approved instead a $25,000 challenge grant. [12] There were two institutions in Alexandria devoted to the preservation and study of Greek culture, which helped to exclude non-Greeks. Christine Favard-Meeks & Dimitri Meeks, "The heir of the Delta"; in Jacob & de Polignac (1992/2000); pp. The Foundation wants to build a financial cornerstone for investing in students and teachers in Alexandria Public Schools. On the mainland, life seemed to have centered in the vicinity of the Serapeum and Caesareum, both which became Christian churches. Company Description. The Heptastadion connected Pharos with the city and the Lighthouse of Alexandria followed soon after, as did the Serapeum, all under Ptolemy I. In July 1954, the city was a target of an Israeli bombing campaign that later became known as the Lavon Affair. Walter Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 25. Among other things, we do not know how many people were initially settled at the site; how their numbers changed over time; where successive generations of immigrants came from; and what the maximum size of the population was, or when it was reached. She had a voracious appetite for knowledge and … 1 But wh at … [21] In the year 828, the alleged body of Mark the Evangelist was stolen by Venetian merchants, which led to the Basilica of Saint Mark. Date Founded. [18][19] The neoplatonist philosopher Hypatia was publicly murdered by a Christian mob. in the same neighborhoods, turn gray in these same houses. Alexandria Education Foundation awarded grant to support school meals for students in need October 13, 2020; Virtual Celebration of Hall of Fame Inductees from the past 13 years September 22, 2020; Alexandria Education Foundation Postpones Hall of Fame Event August 20, 2020 [29], Lawrence Durrell, working for the British in Alexandria during World War II, achieved international success with the publication of The Alexandria Quartet (1957–1960). At the same time, the city could enjoy a fresh water supply by means of a canal from the Nile. Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC (the exact date is disputed) as Ἀλεξάνδρεια (Aleksándreia). Recent archaeology at Kom El Deka (heap of rubble or ballast) has found the Roman quarter of Alexandria beneath a layer of graves from the Muslim era. Ancient accounts are extremely numerous and varied, and much influenced by subsequent developments. As early as the 7th century BC, there existed important port cities of Canopus and Heracleion. Demographic details of how Alexandria rose quickly to its great size remain unknown.[5]. 594 likes. The first Anglican missionaries arrived in Egypt in 1819, and the first church building, St Mark's in Alexandria, was consecrated in 1839, followed by All Saints in Cairo in 1876. On the advice of his architects he was about to measure out and enclose a certain site. You’ll walk the same streets, grow old [26.3] If what the Alexandrians say on the authority of Heracleides is true, then it seems that Homer was no idle or useless companion to him on his expedition. Alexandria was also home to the largest Jewish community in the ancient world. Two French savants assessing the population of Alexandria in 1798 estimated 8,000 and 15,000.[25]. Strabo lists Alexandria, with Tarsus and Athens, among the learned cities of the world, observing also that Alexandria both admits foreign scholars and sends its natives abroad for further education. [11], The law in Alexandria was based on Greek—especially Attic—law. E. M. Forster, who worked in Alexandria for the International Red Cross during World War I, wrote two books about the city and promoted Cavafy's work. 20–29. He thought he could see a man with very white hair and of venerable appearance standing beside him and speaking these lines: [26.6] He rose at once and went to Pharos, which at that time was still an island a little above the Canobic mouth of the Nile, but which has now been joined to the mainland by a causeway.note[This dam, called the Heptastadion ("two kilometers"), was built by Ptolemaic kings who succeeded Alexander as rulers of Egypt.]. On 7 April 334, Alexander founded Alexandria, the Egyptian city that has correctly been hailed as "the most lasting of all his achievements". ", Reimer (1997), p. 23. Our foundation strives to give as many children as we can the chance to experience nature. A few months after the foundation, Alexander left Egypt for the East and never returned to his city. Buildings were burned during the Kitos War (Tumultus Iudaicus) of AD 115, giving Hadrian and his architect, Decriannus, an opportunity to rebuild. Foundation of the Alexandria Bar Association at 520 King Street, Room 202, Alexandria, VA 22314. "I suspect that despite their lack of civic status, Egyptians were presumably more numerous than any other group. The typical grant award is up to $5,000, but larger awards have been bestowed to projects judged to be of high need or merit. Mostafa el-Abbai, "The Island of Pharos in Myth and History"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 286–287. Foundation. The current city is the Republic of Egypt's leading port, a commercial, tourism and transportation center, and the heart of a major industrial area where refined petroleum, asphalt, cotton textiles, processed food, paper, plastics and styrofoam are produced. The history of Alexandria dates back to the city's founding, by Alexander the Great, in 331 BC. What it looked like, its exact location, precisely how many books it held, if it burnt, and who destroyed it. Large sections of the city were damaged in the battle, or destroyed in subsequent fires. Jews occupied two of the city's five quarters and worshipped at synagogues. Headquarters. The French army under Napoleon captured the city in 1798 and the British soon captured it from the French, retaining Alexandria within their sphere of influence for 150 years. "[11] There were ostentatious religious processions in the streets that displayed the wealth and power of the Ptolemies, but also celebrated and affirmed Greekness. Nor do we know whether it was the food supply, demographic conditions, or other variables that mediated the city's growth, or how its development affected the urban system of Egypt as a whole.". Through this foundation, it is her family and friends mission to help children experience nature and all its wonderment. The donors to the Foundation met this challenge. Though Cleomenoes was mainly in charge of seeing to Alexandria's continuous development, the Heptastadion (causeway to Pharos Island) and the main-land quarters seem to have been mainly Ptolemaic work. General & Rehabilitative Health Care. [26], Relations with the United Kingdom grew strained in the 1950s, with violence periodically erupting between local police and the British army, in Alexandria as well as in Cairo. In July 1882 the city was the site of the first battle of the Anglo-Egyptian War, when it was bombarded and occupied by British naval forces. After a long decline, Alexandria emerged as major metropolis at the time of the Crusades and lived a flourishing period due to trade with agreements with the Aragonese, Genoese and Venetians who distributed the products arrived from the East through the Red Sea. The Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the Torah and other writings), was produced there. Even as its main historical importance had sprung from pagan learning, Alexandria now acquired new importance as a center of Christian theology and church government. 1978. Alexandria was intended to supersede the older Greek colony of Naucratis as a Hellenistic centre in Egypt, and to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile valley. [31][32][33], For the history of the city of Alexandria in Virginia, United States, see. [1] Yet, before that, there were some big port cities just east of Alexandria, at the western edge of what is now Abu Qir Bay. 2Th is great Egyptian goddess had long since been adopted by the Greeks, and a sanctuary of Isis had been established at Piraeus sorne years be fore the foundation of Alexandria. 32–42. The most valued items in this trade were luxury goods from the East reexported from Egypt, such as Indian spices, Chinese porcelains, and Persian Gulf pearls. An elegant theaterlike structure was uncovered, along with a large imperial bath complex and lecture halls, the latter being unprecedented archaeological evidence for the city's intellectual reputation. This city will always pursue you. You won’t find a new country, won’t find another shore. Through a competitive scholarship process, the Foundation financially supports students in the transition from high school to 2 and 4-year colleges. All content copyright © 1995–2021 Livius.org. Publically the Alexandria Foundation is a philanthropic, non-profit organization dedicated to the “preservation of the human experience”. In 645 a Byzantine fleet recaptured the city, but it fell for good the following year. The Brucheum and Jewish quarters were desolate in the 5th century, and the central monuments, the Soma and Museum, fell into ruin. It comes from The Life of Alexander of Macedon (Longmans, Green and Co. 1955) by an unknown author named Pseudo-Callisthenes. Don’t hope for things elsewhere: With the symbols of the tomb and the Lighthouse, the Ptolemies promoted the legend of Alexandria as an element of their legitimacy to rule.[3]. Given the current restrictions on large gatherings and the heightened health risk of COVID-19 the Board of Directors felt it was in the best interest for all to not hold a large gathering this … This page was last edited on 12 January 2021, at 22:56. Alexandria Area Community Foundation (AACF) has been working for more than 25 years to provide innovative ways for area residents and businesses to give back to their community. Nearly two centuries later, between the years 814 and 827, Alexandria came under the control of pirates of Andalusia (Spain today), later to return to Arab hands. A great assortment of countries had agents in the city, although the European trade was dominated by merchants from the city-states of northern Italy, principally Venetians, Genoese, Florentines, and Pisans. The Pharos and Heptastadium quarters, however, remained populous and were left intact. Catholic Foundation of North-Central Louisiana Planned giving and administration for Catholic causes and entities within the Diocese of Alexandria. Part of Canopus is still on the shore above water, and had been studied by archaeologists the longest. Sponsor Spotlight Shamrock Financial has partnered with Alexandria's Foundation in our drive to raise $100,000 through 100 local businesses. We don’t even know if the Library of Alexandria was destroyed at all, due to contradictory texts and the absence of archaeological remains. These clashes culminated in the Egyptian coup of 1952, during which the army occupied Alexandria and drove King Farouk from his residence at Montaza Palace.[27]. [26.5] when during the night, as he was sleeping, he saw a remarkable vision. Researchers also revealed a small gold artifact and three thin sheets of gold. After Alexander's departure, his viceroy Cleomenes continued the expansion. Library of Alexandria Nineteenth-century artistic rendering of the Library of Alexandria by the German artist O. The city passed formally under Roman jurisdiction in 80 BC, according to the will of Ptolemy Alexander but only after it had been under Roman influence for more than a hundred years. His example was followed by Mark Antony, for whose favor the city paid dearly to Octavian. 8110 GATEHOUSE RD STE 400W FALLS CHURCH VA 22042-1254. The third award to the museum is from Alexandria Area Community Foundation’s Alexandria Area Response and Recovery Grant, in the amount of … While in Alexandria, Octavian took time to visit Alexander's tomb and inspected the late king's remains. This brutal order seems to have been carried out even beyond the letter, for a general massacre ensued. In the 3rd century AD, Alexander's tomb was closed to the public, and now its location has been forgotten. For the other posts in the series, click here The following account of the foundation of Alexandria is not historical. Persecution of Christians under Diocletian (beginning in AD 284) marks the beginning of the Era of Martyrs in the Coptic calendar.[15]. [23] However, it declined still further under the Ottoman Empire, losing its water supply from the Nile, and its commercial importance, as Rosetta (Rashid) became more useful as a port.[24]. The Spirit of Alexandria Foundation was created to carry on the legacy of Alexandria Bennett, a little girl whose passion for nature and generosity was evident to everyone around her. As native influences began to reassert themselves in the Nile valley, Alexandria gradually became an alien city, more and more detached from Egypt and losing much of its commerce as the peace of the empire broke up during the 3rd century, followed by a fast decline in population and splendor. ' Every historian of Alexander has mentioned or discussed the foundation of Alexandria, and if there is any who has failed to follow the statement of Ptolemy (in Arrian, III, iv, 5) placing the event before the expedition to Siwah, I have not seen him. There was also the town of Menouthis. [26.7] When he saw that the site was eminently suitable (it is a strip of land similar to a fairly broad isthmus, running between a large lagoon and the sea which terminates in a great harbor), he exclaimed that Homer was admirable in other respects and was also an excellent architect, and ordered the plan of the city to be drawn in conformity with the terrain. Jewish–Greek ethnic tensions in the era of Roman administration led to riots in AD 38 and again in 66. Julius Caesar dallied with Cleopatra in Alexandria in 47 BC and was besieged in the city by Cleopatra's brother and rival. 17–18. The Foundation of Alexandria Historia Alexandri Magni: Book 7.1 - 8.4 Alexander: Books XXVI - XXVIII Plutarch Quintus Curtius Rufus Traveled to the shrine of Ammon first, linked himself to Jupiter Alexandria was positioned between a lake and the sea Left men to supervise the [26.8] Since there was no chalk available, they used barley-meal to describe a rounded area on the dark soil, to whose inner arc straight lines succeeded, starting from what might be called the skirts of the area and narrowing the breadth uniformly, so as to produce the figure of a mantle. Years later, the city suffered many earthquakes during the years 956, 1303 and then in 1323. Alexandria, Louisiana. "This quarter is especially noteworthy as it provides our first archaeological window onto urban life in late antique Alexandria. The Donations of Alexandria (Autumn 34 BC) were a political act by Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony in which they distributed lands held by Rome and Parthia amongst Cleopatra's children, and granted them many titles, especially for Caesarion, son of Julius Caesar. The Greek author Plutarch of Chaeronea, describes the event in section 26.3-10 of his Life of Alexander. Only a few months later, Alexandria's Manshia Square was the site of the famous, failed assassination attempt on the life of Gamal Abdel Nasser. In a struggle with the other successors of Alexander, his general, Ptolemy (later Ptolemy I of Egypt) succeeded in bringing Alexander's body to Alexandria. There, Arianism came to prominence, and there also Athanasius opposed Arianism and the pagan reaction against Christianity, experiencing success against both and continuing the Patriarch of Alexandria's major influence on Christianity into the next two centuries. Alexandria, major city and urban governorate in Egypt. Chartered in 1998, the Alexandria Library Foundation, Inc. was formed to enhance the Alexandria Library's services through private donations. In 2000, with the opening of the Charles E. Beatley, Jr. Central Library, the Library asked the City to add $50,000 to its operating budg… The Serapeum of the Great Library was destroyed, possibly effecting the final destruction of the Library of Alexandria. The Lighthouse was destroyed by earthquakes in the 14th century,[22] and by 1700 the city was just a small town amidst the ruins. In 391, Emperor Theodosius I ordered the destruction of all pagan temples, and the Patriarch Theophilus complied with his request. [7] Nominally a free Hellenistic city, Alexandria retained its senate of Roman times and the judicial functions of that body were restored by Septimius Severus after temporary abolition by Augustus. In a century, Alexandria had become the largest city in the world,[6] and for some centuries more, was second only to Rome. One of the ways we do that is by helping students attain college degrees. Unity Foundation of Alexandria, Alexandria, Minnesota & Surrounding areas. The dynasty and capital, built upon such a prestigious relic, could, more than any other, claim to hold up and preserve the universal vision that attached to a royalty inherited from the deceased. [26.4] They say that after his conquest of Egypt, Alexander resolved to found and leave behind him a large and populous Greek city which would bear his name. Once among the greatest cities of the Mediterranean world and a center of Hellenic scholarship and science, Alexandria was the capital of Egypt from its founding by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE until its surrender to Arab forces in 642 CE. By Jeremy McInerney, PhD, University of Pennsylvania According to the myth of Alexandria’s construction, Alexander the Great himself was responsible for the city’s foundation. Taking a hard look at the facts about the Library of Alexandria, there is much we do not know. Foundation of the Alexandria Bar Association. "The true extent of our ignorance about the most fundamental demographic features of Alexandria is well brought out by Fraser's massive tomes on the history of the city under the Ptolemies. There has been a persistent belief that the Library of Alexandria and its contents were destroyed in 642 during the Arab invasion.[19][18]. Walter Scheidel, "Creating a Metropolis: A Comparative Demographic Perspective"; in Harris & Ruffini (2004), p. 2. You’ll always end up in this city. In 365, a tsunami caused by an earthquake in Crete hit Alexandria.[16][17]. According to the translator, Elizabeth Hazelton Haight, the Life was written around c. AD 300 although… The latter was recently rediscovered under water. 1,100 pages of text and notes cannot change the fact that 'the development of Alexandria as a city largely escapes us'. The city fell to the Arabs in AD 641, and a new capital of Egypt, Fustat, was founded on the Nile. The city grew in the early 19th century under the industrialization program of Mohammad Ali, the viceroy of Egypt. Unexpected discoveries from the inhabited quarter include frescoes and other wall decorations that provide clear evidence for the development of Coptic artistic forms in a cosmopolitan urban setting—not just in the chora of Middle and Upper Egypt. [9], The early Ptolemies were careful to maintain the distinction of its population's three largest ethnicities: Greek, Jewish, and Egyptian. Staden är huvudort i det cirka 2 679 km² [5] stora guvernementet Alexandria. Thus ended a period of 975 years of the Greco-Roman control over the city. In the late 4th century, persecution of pagans by Christians had reached new levels of intensity. Subscribe Unlock nonprofit financial insights that will help you make more informed decisions. These processions were used to shout Greek superiority over any non-Greeks that were watching, thereby widening the divide between cultures.[13]. Det förmodas att det grundlades omkring 280 f.Kr. Temples and statues were destroyed throughout the Roman empire: pagan rituals became forbidden under punishment of death, and libraries were closed. Scheidel, `` the shadow of Alexander '' ; in Harris & Ruffini ( 2004 ), p. 2 things! For shipping Ἀλεξάνδρεια ( Aleksándreia ) his viceroy Cleomenes continued the expansion Fustat, was produced there by Zeinab announced. There ’ s no road, as he was sleeping, he saw a vision. Delta still existed at that time, and much influenced by subsequent.. Tomb and inspected the late 4th century, persecution of pagans by Christians had new..., describes the event in section 26.3-10 of his life Alexandria in ancient times ( where now is Abu Bay. Our first archaeological window onto urban life in late antique Alexandria. [ 25 ] private! 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