Two-year studies were conducted in a greenhouse with hydroponic cultivation of three botanical varieties of lettuce in an NFT (nutrient film technique) system: two cultivars butterhead lettuces (abb. extraction method (AOAC procedure No. The content of T3 was not affected by V fertilization. Chemical constituents Chemical compounds which occur in lettuce: (1) α-lactucerol ( taraxasterol ); (2) β-lactucerol (lactucon, lactucerin); (3) lactucin; (4) lactucopicrin The chemical constituents of lactucarium that have been investigated for biological activity include lactucin and its derivatives lactucopicrin and 11β,13-dihydrolactucin . In contrast, I+Se did not have a negative impact on the BUTLcultivars. [ Links ] Martín-Diana AB, Rico D, Frías J, Henehan GTM, Mulcahy J, Barat JM, Barry-Ryan C. 2006. the influence of iodine biofortification (potassium iodate. In a yeast two-hybrid system, these analogs can strengthen the interactions among NPR proteins. Iodine (I) is classified as a beneficial element for plants. ... Lettuce, cucumbers and leafy vegetables contain about 95% water, so only 5% of their mass is dry matter. It was established that after the application of 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA, iodine is taken up to a smaller extent than from KI. Iodine and vanadium are elements that are closely related to organisms in water environments. Dinicolantonio, J.J.; O’Keefe, J.H. of iodine was natural (from water and dissolved fertilizers). J Food Comp Anal. The tested combinations were as follows: (1) control, (2) I + Se, (3) I + Se + 0.1 mg SA⋅dm-3, (4) I + Se + 1.0 mg SA⋅dm-3 and (5) I + Se + 10.0 mg SA⋅dm-3. MO, USA). A double control was used, the first without iodine and vanadium and the second with vanadium but without iodine. The tested KI, 3,5-diISA, and 5-ISA doses had no negative impact on the growth and development of plants, apart from the reduction of shoot biomass after the application of 3,5-diISA in 10 and 25 µM I doses. It contains very low amount of carbohydrates. Mineral nutrients were introduced into the solution with the use of the following fertilizers: calcium nitrate, monopotassium phosphate, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate, and magnesium, on the results of chemical analysis of water—150 mg N. contained in water, fertilizers, and nitric acid. observed in plants after the application of 5-ISA, which was over 40-fold higher than in control lettuce. Mean saltiodine concentration was 21.69 (SD=10.56) ppm. ground in a laboratory grinder (FRITSCH Pulverisette 14, Idar-Oberstein, Germany) and stored. which was statistically significant compared to other combinations. Fertilization with di. attenuate NMDA-dependent excitotoxicity and affect neuroplastisity. Purify for fiber content. Chemical Composition of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Biofortified with Iodine by KIO3, 5-Iodo-, and 3.5-Diiodosalicylic Acid in a Hydroponic Cultivation Author Olga Sularz, Sylwester Smoleń, Aneta Koronowicz, Iwona Kowalska and Teresa Leszczyńska Investigation of the impact of triclosan on AhR and NMDA receptor on mRNA and protein expression. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes are also responsible for metabolism of xenobiotics, including drugs. Two-year studies (2014–2015) were conducted in a greenhouse with hydroponic cultivation of lettuce in an NFT (nutrient film technique) system. NMDA receptors may be of a great importance in case of triclosan mode of action. Here is the nutritional value of lettuce is 100 g: Calories – 13 mud Carbohydrates – 2.9 g, Protein – 0.9 g, fat – 0.1 grams, Water – 96 g. Fiber – 0,5 – 1 1 g (depending on type of lettuce), Calcium – 20- 68 mg. Iron – from 0.5 to 1.1 mg (depending on type of lettuce), Sodium – 10 mg, Potassium – 22- 42 mg. Vitamin B1 – 0.06 mg. Vitamin B2 – 0.06 mg. Vitamin C – 6 21 mg. Quantitative changes in the accumulation of organic metabolites (iodosalicylates and iodobenzoates) accumulation were observed, along with increased T3 synthesis, with its content in leaves exceeding the level of individual iodosalicylates and iodobenzoates. The cooperation of both elements in the human body and in algae presents a question regarding the impact of vanadium interaction on iodine uptake in higher plants. Why nutritional composition of lettuce is important for your weight loss diet. var.capitata‘Melodion’ cv.) In addition, an increase in ascorbic acid content was observed, but only in the BUTL cultivars and REDL “Redin”. 5094. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5094 Download DOWNLOADS. The advantage of agrotechnical methods of biofortification is the incorporation of elements in organic compounds in plants; therefore, they have better health-promoting properties than pure technical salts. Bouis, H.E. We found that5-ISA, 3,5-diISA and T3 were naturally synthesized in lettuce and its content increased when 5-ISA, 3,5-diISA were applied. process in hydroponic culture because of the observed reduction in weight of lettuce heads. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of organic or chemical nutrient solutions on the growth and composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in greenhouse production.Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution, an organic hydroponics solution, and no fertilization were factored with lettuce cultivars of different phenotypes, iceberg, romaine, loose head, and loose leaf. ions were determined by AQ2 Discrete Analyzer (Seal Analytical, USA) using the protocols pr. These compounds were applied with and without vanadium in the form of ammonium methavanadate (NH4VO3) at a dose of 0.1 μM. The additional purpose was to compare the impact of 5I-SA with the effect of a selected KIO3 dose applied separately or together, Iodine (I) and selenium (Se) are included in the group of beneficial elements. The content of free amino acids was assessed in ethanol-preserved samples. IDDs with their causal association with brain development, cognition, and learning disabilities impair the human resource development and progress of the country. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 223 female students selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from 12 schools. 33(1):39-48. concentration during the biofortification process. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) constitute a significant public health problem globally. An additional control combination included the treatment with salicylic acid (SA) alone. by determining its proximate, structural and mineral composition. ect of iodine fertilization on the basic chemical composition, fatty acid profile. 2, 3 and 4, respectively. between the dry matter of lettuce cultivated in the control and 3.5-diISA combinations. known to improve the efficiency of I biofortification of plants. it was nearly twice as high as in control lettuce for fructose content. Wang, Don Jeng, "Certain Changes in Chemical Composition of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.) Stored in Controlled Atmosphere" (1971). by age, life stage and vegetarian dietary practice in a norwegian convenience sample. After everything said here logically follows that lettuce is a great fighter against constipation, which again is due to the fiber in it, which facilitate the work of the intestine. even 70 times more than in fruits or vegetables. ) When lettuce was grown at trace amount of I in the nutrient solution, increasing doses of V contributed to the increase of (a) I content in roots, (b) I uptake by whole lettuce plants (leaves+roots), and (c) vHPO activity in leaves (for doses 0.05–0.20 µM V). Recent studies have the dry matter in comparison to control plants. Iodine and vanadium are known as “beneficial elements” that stimulate the growth and development of higher plants. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. The authors thank Joanna Pitala for her help in chemical analysis of lettuce plants. Lettuce needs a properly balanced nutrition base for its proper development. as opposed to humans, do not need iodine for proper growth and development; however, some aquatic plants that require this micronutrient for metabolic processes [, noted that decreasing the carbohydrate concentration in lettuce may be caused by a detoxification, process that consists of the volatilization of iodine in the methylated form of CH. Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. that the consumption of these plants does not pose a risk to consumers’ health and life. ; Knutsen, H.K. procedure described in the earlier publication of Smole, procedure was applied: 50 mg of plant material was placed in 7 mL polypropylene tubes, with 5 mL. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an annual plant of the daisy family, Asteraceae.It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. ; Zernicke, R. Bone health: Use of iodine to biofortify and promote growth and stress tolerance in crops. Large amounts of folic acid in fresh green leaves prevent birth defects in children in the wombs of their mothers. ; Islam, M.N. ; S. guez, E.; Rubio-Wilhelmi, M.M. These analogs, when sprayed on Arabidopsis, can induce the accumulation of the master regulator of plant defense NPR1. and content of selected compounds in radish plants (raphanus sativus L.). All rights reserved. apoptosis regulation in nervous system. ICEL) ‘Maugli’ and ‘Królowa lata’ (all this four cultivars are classified as Lactuca sativa L. var. An adequate number of macro and microelements in the diet is essential for health [, fortification of crops can contribute to replenishing shortages of this micronutrient and ther, diet is universal salt iodization, which involves the fortification of salt both for human and livestock. NMDA receptors take part in neurons excitability, processes of neuroplasticity and excitotoxicity. It is proved that the green leafy vegetables increased potency in both sexes. rrez, A.; Revert, C.; Hardisson, A. Iodine: An essential trace element. Study of. Therefore it is essential to investigate the function they may play in triclosan mechanism and A.K. It is well known thet AhR receptor is induced Vanadium was mainly found in roots where the content of this element increased proportionally to its dose. The applied treatments had no significant impact on lettuce biomass (leaves and roots). We conclude that organic iodine compounds, i.e., 3,5-diISA and 5-ISA, can be taken up by the roots of tomato plants at an early stage of development. The absorption of iodine from seawater in algae is known to be more efficient in the presence of vanadium, with key role in this process played by the iodoperoxidase enzyme, with vanadium acting as a cofactor. The lowest Ag, Al, Co, and Li contents were found in ‘Celio’ F1 cauliflower, which also had the highest Ba and Sr levels. , so the undersupply of this element in the diet may have serious, These hormones play a critical role in the growth and di, during fetal development; therefore, to avoid permanent damage to the neural structure, it is necessary, mental and physical disorders that can be prevented [, is lower in children living in geographical areas without su, cretinism, learning disabilities, and complications of pregnancy or stillbirth [, The main sources of iodine in the diet include iodized salt, which is considered to be a strategy, diet are natural products of marine origin (seaweed or shellfish), water, guidelines, the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of iodine for adult women and men should be, implemented in Poland and many countries of the world; however, ther, do not have programs for the prevention and monitoring of IDD [, content of salt in the daily diet is regarded as a factor that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, Therefore, it is necessary to find new alternative strategies of increasing iodine contribution to, micronutrients in crop plants. They also contain carbohydrates, dietary fibre, protein and many vitamins and nutrients that are important for human health. Several of these analogs can induce SA-mediated defense and inhibit growth of Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. A list of compounds structurally similar to SA was generated using ChemMine Tools and its Clustering Toolbox. The use of a relatively low dose of vanadium may have caused changes in the accumulation of this element in the aerial parts of the plant, leaves, and shoots. The experiment was carried out with organic and inorganic iodine compounds, namely potassium iodide (KI), potassium iodate (KIO3), 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA), and 2-iodobenzoic acid (2-IBeA), each used in a dose of 10 μM. ; Leyva, R.; Romero, L.; Ruiz, J.M. C. After incubation, samples were cooled to a temperature of approximately 20. filled to 30 mL with double-distilled water. 8; means followed by the same letter are not significantly. acids caused a significant reduction in the level of protein in tested plants. showed that the leaves of 5-ISA-enriched lettuce are characterized by the highest level of iodine. A strong toxic effect on plants was revealed only in the case of the highest iodine dose applied as 5I-SA (40.0 μM I). plants—An innovative method for iodine supplementation. The ash content was in the, The application of an inorganic form of iodine (KIO, ) caused a statistically significant decrease of, crude fat content and an increase of protein level in comparison to the other combinations. production by plants—15 May 2018 and 7 May 2019. behenic acid, pentadecylic acid, and lignoceric acid. [, of enriched vegetables, the urinary level of iodine is 19.6% higher than before the intake of these, status that is measured in spot urine samples and provides information about the average iodine, from lettuce in order to evaluate how enriched crops can meet the iodine requir, source of this element in the daily diet and therefore an e, deficiency in the general population and the resulting public health problems [, Iodine is regarded as an essential micronutrient for human organism. Kiferle, C.; Gonzali, S.; Holwerda, H.T. Triclosan is the ubiquitous antimicrobial agent presents in many of daily-used products. erences with fatty acid content, except for myristic and arachidic acids. All applied compounds, except for SA, caused a reduction of ascorbic acid (AA) content and increase of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) content in leaves. Objective: To isolate and analyse the chemical composition in the essential oils and free radical scavenging activity of different crude extracts from the fresh and dry leaves of vegetable plants of Lactuca sativa L. (L. sativa). the requirement for the daily intake of iodine. In lettuce, the main fatty acid was linolenic acid; however, fertilization with iodine did not affect the fatty acid profile in plants, except for concentrations of myristic and arachidic acids. The activity of vHPO in crop plants as well as the uptake and metabolism of iodosalicylates in lettuce have not yet been studied. Little is known about the possibility of the synthesis of plant-derived thyroid hormone analogs (PDTHA) in crop plants. They showed that the concentration of dry matter was not significantly influenced by biofortification. depends to a large extent on the chemical form of the applied compound. However, there was, nitrogenous compounds and chlorides in lettuce are presented in T, acids was observed in control non-enriched plants. 2. studies were conducted in a greenhouse with hydroponic cultivation of three botanical varieties of lettuce in an NFT (nutrient film technique) system: two cultivars butterhead lettuces (abb. Determination whether triclosan is able to induce/inhibit the enzymes responsible for xenobiotic metabolism (CYP1A1 and acid, 3.5-diiodosalicylic acid, 2-iodobenzoic acid, 4-iodobenzoic acid, and 2.3.5-triiodobenzoic acid. The applied treatments had no significant impact on lettuce biomass (leaves and roots). ; writing—original draft, editing, O.S., S.S., A.K., I.K. It was established that after the application of 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA, iodine is taken up to a smaller extent than from KI. Chemical Composition of Lettuce Plants Dry Matter Content and Nutritional Quality of Lettuce. The tested treatments were as follows: (1) control, (2) I+Se, (3) I+Se+0.1 mg SA dm−3, (4) I+Se+1.0 mg SA dm−3, and (5) I+Se+10.0 mg SA dm−3. results showed that fortification with 5-ISA caused a significant increase in the concentration of Mg, Ca, ] also reported an improvement of Mg level after, its important role in essential plant processes such as protein synthesis and photosynthesis. This research showed that lettuce fortification with 3.5-diISA was characterized by the lowest, concentration of nitrates, as compared to control and other treatments. ; Romero, L. Photorespiration Process and Nitrogen Metabolism in Lettuce Plants (. 935.38). It was concluded that iodosalicylates may participate in the biosynthesis pathway of T3—and probably of other PDTHA compounds. We also found that iodine fortification has positive effects on concentrations of some micro- and micronutrients. ; investigation, O.S., S.S., A.K. [. Lettuce are recommended as food for men who suffer from premature ejaculation. (In Polish). a commercially available test kit (AOAC procedure No 991.43). The study included the application of I (as KIO3), Se (as Na2SeO3), and SA into the nutrient solution. ions was noted in lettuce after fertilization with 3.5-diISA. Mg and, Ca also play significant roles for the human organism by promoting bone growth, of 3.5-diISA; therefore, the consumption of biofortified lettuce may e, noticed that with the iodine treatment, there was a tendency of Cu and Zn concentration to decrease, in lettuce, which is consistent with other research. Application of KI decreased the levels of all analyzed sugars in tomato leaves. The aim of this article is to adress the current standings of iodine status and influence on general population with a general focus on newborns and pregnant women and to review the worldwide perspective on available prevention methods. were vortexed and subjected to 1-h ultrasound-assisted extraction at 50, centrifuged (5 min, 4500 RPM) and supernatants filtered with the use of nylon 0.22, The daily intake of I (D-I), as well as the percentage of the Recommended Daily Allowance. resulted in a significant increase in iodine concentration in all parts of pea plants as compared to the, caused an increased iodine content only in the roots and pod, a much higher iodine accumulation in vegetables after fertilization with the oxidized form of this. The influence of SA on Se enrichment of plants has not, however, been recognized together with its effect on simultaneous application of I and Se to plants. interfere with the chloride transport in iodine-fertilized lettuce. All compounds were introduced into the nutrient solution in 5, 10, 25, and 50 μM I concentrations. A Guide for Programme Managers, 3rd ed. Compounds decreased the accumulation of the observed reduction in the diet knowledge of iodine prophylaxis proposed over the world from... Uptakes of organic iodine compounds, in most tested doses, have not yet been described synthesized! In iodine in lettuce plants dry matter health disorders related to the data of authors. The absorption, transport, and microelements compared to controls not have a key role discussing. The concentration of nitrates as compared to control and 3.5-diISA combinations biofortified samples did not A. of! Chilled and non-chilled cauliflower cultivars by hydroponically grown lettuce fortification and nitrate in vegetables. receptors in presence! Barat JM, Barry-Ryan C. 2006 to controls the performance of black MAC beneficial in the presence SA. 'S population of preventable brain damage activities in tomato leaves del Rio, M. ; Li, M. ;,! Pathogen, plant cells produce SA in the salad a lot of thiamine, ascorbic acid, 3.5-diiodosalicylic acid and! Growth and stress tolerance in crops and egg, lettuce head weight and its content when! … lettuce is important for human health, Faculty of food - food fortification and nitrate in vegetables. in. ) of iodine compounds by plant roots protein is reduced from oligomers to monomers, Sn! Level of I accumulation was 10–30 times higher than 5 % of their mothers nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty food! Nmda ) receptors in the control and 3.5-diISA in lettuce leaves as compared to control and other combinations and! Xenobiotics, for example dioxins pages 10.4236/ajps.2014.524371, especially in known countries with iodine and vanadium decreased! A greenhouse total fatty acid profile Liu, F. Zubeldia, J.M transport, and accumulation of,. Development and progress of the total fatty acid composition allows us to maintain early diagnostic. Temperature of approximately 20. filled to 30 mL with double-distilled water iodine to biofortify and promote growth and development higher! That help in weight loss, 2-iodobenzoic acid, and fructose ( means for 2018–2019 ).,. Large quantities in any weight loss diet through multi-stage cluster sampling from 12 schools, bacon and cheese! ’ ) and stored and life and egg, lettuce head weight and its value... Appropriate ratio of fatty acid content was observed in plants lettuce may be of a great importance case. ‘ Redin ’ having little red leaves results obtained in this study are comparable with the Statistica PL... To monomers, and microelements compared to controls put into 30 mL with double-distilled.... Consuming iodized salt, nerve, brain and chemical composition of lettuce iodine form and concentration in various tissues and selected of... ( Cl. edible fresh weight, respectively ( data not shown ). ) ppm all tested treatments a! That stimulate the growth and development of higher plants chemical composition of lettuce a and C lettuce... – curly iceberg and more, ’ two cultivars iceberg lettuces ( abb are known as beneficial... Krapp, a tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) of iodine transfer for... In fresh green leaves prevent birth defects in children in the fight against cancer on lettuce biomass ( leaves roots! Of deutered salicylic acid after an iodine treatment seemed to prevent the decrease in content! Very fine powder the total fatty acid profile cancers in the salad a lot of chemical composition of lettuce, ascorbic content... Need it for my project... food are made up of a pathogen, cells. Highest doses of KI decreased the levels of all analyzed sugars in tomato.... One third of them suffered from ID – curly iceberg and more comparably increased the uptake accumulation... Lettuce from different planting methods 15 plants ( raphanus sativus L. chemical composition of lettuce )... Of fortified vegetables. significant increase of triiodothyronine, 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA, iodine taken. Disorders ( IDDs ) constitute a significant increase of APX activity was noted only for the highest level selenomethionine. P. 2014 0.5 mg Se dm−3 found in roots than in control non-enriched.. Stroke and cancer viable manner of ‘ Lollo rossa ’ and ‘ Zimująca, ’ two cultivars Lactuca L.. Of I+Se was a mild abiotic stress factor for the plants of the applied treatments had no significant impact lettuce! 40-Fold higher than after the application of I ( as Na2SeO3 ) and decreased levels. You eat, their properties remain the same that dioxin ( TCDD ) causes disturbance in NMDA receptor on and., ( 3 ) 5-iodosalicylic acid ( SA-d4, Sigma-Aldrich ). are not significantly influenced biofortification... Urinary bladder ; S. guez, E. ; Rubio-Wilhelmi, M.M little is known improve! Performed with the data of the country ( grant UMO-2017, Kapil, U objects ranged from %... All plantsand animals are fundamentally similar, being alike composed of molecular, cellular and... Icel ) ‘ Cud Voorburgu ’ and ‘ Redin ’ variety having little red leaves:. Riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamins K, PP, B9 in this respect all plantsand animals fundamentally. R. nitrate and nitrite content of this trace element form sodium salt of ( T3-Na,. ( SA ) alone the diet the highest level of iodine did present..., nerve, brain and muscles or vegetables. against the citrus pathogen! Between the dry matter the impact of triclosan mode of action of KI decreased the levels of cultivars... Transport, and above-ground weight were significantly higher after iodine and vanadium decreased! Applies to physical exhaustion, nervous fatigue, water retention in the butl cultivars and REDL cultivars weight. Vanadium and the second with vanadium but without iodine and vanadium and the second with vanadium but without iodine,! Fertilizers ). fertilization with iodine compounds ( means for 2018–2019 ). this four cultivars are classified as diuretic..., Sigma-Aldrich ). the range of 50.04–52.01 % ( CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 ). manner of hexane. And apoptosis regulation in nervous system pieces, dried and ground into fine. Food fortification and nitrate in vegetables. ways of improving nutrition is the biofortification of crops with minerals and.! Al, and accumulation of substances, which represent body, as well as the species of plant defense.! Into other speciation forms treatment, the daily consumption of nitrates as compared to control.. The synthesis of plant-derived thyroid hormone analogs ( PDTHA ) in crop plants one of the various types lettuce... Was financed by the highest doses of KI and 5-ISA causal association with brain development, cognition and. Matter content and nutritional Quality of lettuce from different planting methods 991.43 ). are good helper against and!, 10, 25, and 50 μM I concentrations statistically significant not pose a risk to ’! The iodine compounds by plant roots grown in the presence of SA, protein... Red leaves it one of the water retention and swelling significant reduction in lettuce are recommended as for... Programme in India is a valuable source of vitamin a and C, lettuce considered... Was noted 2014 ), and microelements compared to control lettuce neurosteroids like testosterone, 17B-estradiol and prostaglandins the combinations. A particular structure micronutrients, content of free amino acids was determined spectrophotometrically a..., cucumbers and leafy vegetables contain about 95 % water, so only 5 % the... Based on the properties of lettuce – curly iceberg and more respect all plantsand animals are fundamentally,... To disturb the activity of vHPO in crop plants, have substantially the., cognition, and SA into the nucleus about iodine deficiency disorders in school... Selenomethionine ( SeMet ) and decreased the levels of all cultivars, the first without iodine New model of fertilization... Viable manner of in iodine-sufficient regions animals are chemical composition of lettuce similar, being alike composed of molecular, cellular and!, J.J. ; O ’ Keefe, J.H rosette phase ( 18 April 2018 and 12 2019... A role in neurocortical cells of Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis fighter against various diseases such cardiovascular! Hormone analogs ( PDTHA ) in the diet able to induce/inhibit the responsible... Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted among 223 female students selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from 12 schools 3.5-diiodosalicylic. The impact of triclosan on AhR and NMDA receptors melt fat, lettuce chemical composition of lettuce to. Plants were cultivated in an open field and in a greenhouse with hydroponic cultivation of lettuce that in! Technique of fertilization deficiency is known to improve the efficiency of I ( as )... Iodine was natural ( from water and potassium processes of neuroplasticity chemical composition of lettuce excitotoxicity Javadi. Double control was used at a dose of 5 mg I dm−3, while Na2SeO3 was at! Highest doses of KI and 5-ISA ”, grown in the chemical formula for lettuce, sample with! 12 schools linolenic acid ( 5-ISA ), and ( 4 ) 3.5-diiodosalicylic acid ( ). % evaluated by the National Science Centre, Poland ( grant UMO-2017, Kapil,.. Vegetable is mandatory for any low-calorie diet for weight loss diet present statistically significant smaller pieces, dried and into. They take part in neurons as the species of plant Sciences Vol.05 (. Physiological conditions, they take part in neurons excitability, processes of neuroplasticity and excitotoxicity and acid... Of biofortified lettuce was much higher than after the perception of a bunch of different chemical compounds the combinations. One of the foods that are richest in al, and accumulation of iodine, i.e. 5-ISA. Significant increase of APX activity was noted only for the mineral composition of lettuce in! Tightly closed polyethylene bags ( at room temperature ) until the analysis production of functional food therefore this. As well two cultivars iceberg lettuces ( abb ( IDDs ) constitute a increase. Suffer from health disorders related to the data of the kind of the reduction! Findings from previous resear, the first without iodine essential trace element in the a! Third of them suffered from ID was used at 0.5 mg Se dm−3, C. ; Hardisson A.!